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Css students CSS ,PMS ,English literature and Grammer

Important term definitions !
21/07/2025

Important term definitions !

21/07/2025

This song 🔥💥

Charles Dicken is exactly capturing these moments of the year.
17/03/2025

Charles Dicken is exactly capturing these moments of the year.

What plagiarism is?
20/01/2025

What plagiarism is?

Figure of speeches
20/01/2025

Figure of speeches

English important vocabulary
08/12/2024

English important vocabulary

06/12/2024

Quick Review

1. Father of English Novel ---
→ Henry Fielding
2. Father of English Poem--
→ Geoffrey Chaucer
3. Poet of poets ---
→ Edmund Spenser
4. English Epic poet ---
→ John Milton
5. Both a poet and painter ---
→ Blake
6. Famous mock heroic poet in English Literature
---
→ Alexander Pope
7. The poet of nature in English Literature
---
→ William Wordsworth
8. Poet of beauty in English Literature ---
→ John Keats
9. Rebel poet in English Literature ---
→ Lord Byron
10. Poet of Skylark and Winds---
→ P.B. Shelley
11. Father of Modern English Literature ---
→ G.B. Shaw
12. Most translated author of the world ---
→ V. I. Lenin
13. Bard of Avon ----
→ William Shakespeare
14. Poet of Love/ Metaphysical Poet---
→ John Donne
15. Father of English Criticism ---
→ John Dryden
16. Father of Romanticism ---
→ Coleridge & Wordsworth
17. The Founder of English Prose---
→ Alfred the Great
18. First Sonneteer in English Literature ---
→ Sir Thomas Wyatt
19. Poet of Supernaturalism / O***m Eater
---
→ S.T. Coleridge
20. Father of English Tragedy ---
→ Christopher Marlowe
21. Father of English Eassay ---
→ Francis Bacon
22. The Greatest Modern Dramatist ---
→ George Bernard Shaw...

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🍁 *What is a round character?*
A round character is a complex and dynamic. In this character improvement and change occurs during the course of work .

🍁 *What is a soliloquy?*
Soliloquy is a device use in drama in which a character speaks to himself or herself (thinking loud) by showing his feelings or thoughts to audience.

🍁 *What is Neo-classicism?*
Neo-classicism is a eighteenth century western movement of art, literature and architecture. They got inspiration from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

🍁 *What is a mock-epic?*
Mock-epic is a poem in which satire, exaggeration, irony and sarcasm is used to mock the subject or used the epic style for the trivial subject etc.

🍁 *What is a complex plot?*
A complex plot according to Aristotle is that have ‘peripeteia’ (reversal) and ‘anagnorisis’ (denouement) without these is a simple plot.

🍁 *What is interior monologue?*
Interior monologue is the expression of internal thought, feelings and emotions of a character in dramatic or narrative form.

🍁 *What is blank verse?*
Blank verse is a form of poetry that written in iambic pentameter but un-rhymed.

🍁 *What is Art for Arts’ sake?*
“Art for Arts’ sake” is nineteenth century literary movement which gives importance to aesthetic pleasure instead of moral, didactic or utilitarian function of literature.

🍁 *What is Epistolary novel?*
Epistolary novel is a narrated work. In this type of novel the story is narrated through letters sent by the observer or by those who participating in the events. Example: 18th century’s novel ‘Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa etc.

🍁 *Differentiate between novel and novella.*
Difference between novel and novella is length of the narrative work. Novella is shorter than novel and longer than short story but novel is long narrated work.

🍁 *What is the difference between “Open form poetry” and “Closed form poetry”?*
Close form poetry used the fix pattern of stanza, rhyme and meter etc. For example: sonnet, limerick, haiku and sestina etc. Open form poetry does not use these fix patterns.

🍁 *What is the structure of Spenserian stanza?*
Spenserian stanza consist of nine lines, eight lines are in iambic pentameter and followed by single line in iambic hexameter. The last line is called Alexandrine.

🍁 *Differentiate between ‘Blank verse’ and ‘Free verse’.*
‘Blank verse’ follows the fix meter like iambic pentameter and un-rhymed but ‘Free verse’ is also un-rhymed and does not follow the fix meter.

🍁 *How can you define “Pastoral elegy”?*
Pastoral elegy is a poem about death. In this poem poet expresses his grief for the dead in rural setting or about the shepherds.

🍁 *What is ‘Point of View’?*
‘Point of view’ is an opinion, judgment or attitude on a matter. It may be against are in favor.

🍁 *Define plot.* What are its various elements?
Plot is a logical arrangement of events in a story or play. The exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution are the elements of plot.

🍁 *What is conflict?*
Conflict is a problem or struggle in a story or play. It occurs in rising action, climax and falling action. It creates suspense and excitement in the story or play.

Define black comedy.
Black comedy is a humorous work in which human suffering regards as absurd and funny..

🍁 *What do you mean by Theater of the absurd?*
Theater of the absurd is one kind of drama in which absurdity emphasized and lack realistic and logical structure. For example: “Waiting for Godot” by Samuel Beckett.

🍁*How can you differentiate between flat and round characters?*
A round character is a complex and dynamic. In this character improvement and change occurs during the course of work but flat character are uncomplicated and remains unchanged through the course of work.

🍁 *What was the Oxford movement?*
Oxford movement starts in 1833 and for the revival of Catholic doctrine in Anglican Church. It is against the conventional understanding of the religion.

🍁 *Define Puritanism?*
Puritanism is the religious movement starts in sixteen century and the goal of the movement is to purify the church of England from its Catholic practices.

🍁 *What is Imagism?*
Imagism is a movement of Anglo-American poets started in early nineteenth century in which they emphasize the use of clear images and simple and sharp language.

🍁 *What is meant by Stream of Consciousness?*
Stream of Consciousness is a technique of narration in which the series of thoughts in the mind of the character are presented. “To the Lighthouse” by Virginia Woolf is one example.

🍁*What is meant by Gothic Novel?*
Gothic Novel is one type of novel. In this type the cruel passions and supernatural terror is presented. Example: Monastery or Haunted Castle etc.

🍁*What is Metaphysical Poetry?*
Metaphysical poetry is a highly intellectualized poetry with the use of wit, imagery, conceits and paradox etc. It is obscure and rigid. For example: “John Donne’s poetry.
[5/27, 3:58 PM] ‪+92 300 2730009‬: (Solved)M.cqs. ENGLISH LITERATURE ☘🌸🌸👇🙋‍♂🍁🍁🍁🍁

1. Who, among the following poets, was a precursor to Romantic Poetry?
Answer: Robert Burns
2. Which novelists is widely known for his use of the stream-of –consciousness
technique?
Answer: James Joyce
3. Which year in the social history of England is associated with the Restoration?
Answer: 1660.
4. Which British dramatist attempted to reform English spelling?
Answer: G.B.Shaw
5. For God’s sake hold your tongue, and let me love
Which poem of Donne begins with these words
Answer: Cannonisation
6. How many pilgrims figure in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales?
Answer: 29
7. In which year was Henry VIII acknowledged the Supreme Head on the Earth of the
English church?
Answer: 1534
8. Identify the tragedy written by Ben Jonson
Answer: Sejanus
9. “…though we cannot make our sun / stand still, yet we will make him run”. Identify
the source of these lines from Marvell.
Answer: To His Coy Mistress
10. Which book of Paradise Lost opens with these lines:
‘Of Man’s first disobedience , and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world?
Answer: Book I
11. Who said of Chaucer’s characters: ‘it is sufficient to say, according to the proverb,
that here is God’s plenty?
Answer: Dryden
12. Which poem begins with these lines :
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day
The lowing herd win slowly o’er the lea
The plowman homeward plots his weary way”?
Answer: Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
13. “ To me the meanest flower that blows can give
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears”
In which poem of Wordsworth would you come across these lines?
Answer: Ode: Intimations of Immortality
14. Which novel of Joyce begins with these words: “once upon a time and very good time
it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was
coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo….?
Answer: A Portrait of an artist as a Young Man.
15. In which novel would you come across this line: “Ralph wept for the end of
innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise
friend called Piggy’?
Answer: Lord of the Flies
16. Name the first novel of Dorris Lessing.
Answer: The Grass is Singing (1950)
17. Which novel of D.H.Lawrence ends with these words: “But no, he would not give in.
Turning sharply, he walked towards the city’s gold phosphorescence. His fists were
shut, his mouth set fast. He would not take that direction, to the darkness, to follow
her. He walked towards the family humming, glowing town, quickly.”
Answer: Sons and Lovers.
18. “They give birth astride of a grave, the light gleams an instant, then it’s night once
more!”
Who makes this observation in Waiting for Godot?
Answer: Pozzo
19. What is the title of the second section of The Waste Land?
Answer: A Game of Chess
20. In which poem of Owen would you come across the following lines?
What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?
- only the monstrous anger of eth guns.
Only the stuttering rifles’ rapid rattle
Can patter out their hasty orisons?
Answer: Anthem for the Doomed Youth
21. Which African American spoke about ‘Double-Consciousness’?
Answer: W.E.B.Du Bois
22. I too, sing America
I am the darker brother
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes”
Whose words are these?
Answer: Langston Hughes
23. Who is the author of Invisible Man?
Answer: Ellison
24. Who wrote In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens?
Answer: Alice Walker
25. Who is the first African American to be named poet laureate of USA?
Answer: Rita Dove
26. You may write me down in history
With your bitter, twisted lies,
You may trod me in the very dirt
But still, like dust, I’ll rise
Whose words are these?
Answer: Maya Angelou’s Still I Rise.
27. Who is the young man in Hawthorne’s “My Kinsman, Major Molineux”?
Answer: Robin
28. “In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts: they come back to
us with a certain alienated majesty.”
Answer: Emerson from Self –Reliance
29. What, according to Poe in ‘The Philosophy of Composition’, is the ‘proper length’ of a
poem?
Answer: About one Hundred Lines
30. When was Uncle Tom’s Cabin published as a book
Answer: 1852
31. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
For what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.”
Answer: Whitman form Song of Myself
32. In which novel do you come across Starbug and Queequeq?
Answer: Moby Dick
33. In which play of Arthur Miller do you come across the line
“A man is not an orange. You can’t eat the fruit and throw the peel away”?
Answer: Death of Salesman (W***y to Howard)
34. Which poem of Elizabeth Bishop begins with these lines:
“The art of losing isn’t hard to master;
So many things seem filled with the intent
So be lost that their loss is no disaster”?
Answer: One Art (first three lines)
35. In which novel would you come across the Shepherdsons and the Grangerfords?
Answer: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
36. Who wrote the essay “The Art of Fiction”?
Answer: James
37. Who wrote ‘The Awakening’?
Answer: Kate Chopin
38. Which poem of Sylvia Plath opens with these lines?
“I have done it again.
One year in every ten
I manage it-“?
Answer: Lady Lazarus
39. Name the author of Gravity’s Rainbow?
Answer: Thomas Pynchon
40. Name the author Oleanna.
Answer: Mamet
41. How many songs does Gitanjali Contain?
Answer: 103
42. Which British novelist was instrumental in getting a publisher for R.K.Narayan’s first
four books?
Answer: Graham Green
43. Which poem of A.K.Ramanujam begins with the following lines?
“In Madurai,
City of temples and poets,
Who sang of cities and temples,
Every summer…”
Answer: A River
44. In which Indian drama would you come across Om and Jaya?
Answer: Harvest by Manjula Padmanabhan
45. Among the following which novel has NOT won the Booker Prize?
Answer: Fasting, Feasting (but shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1999)
46. In which of the novel of Anita Desai would you come across Nanda Kaul and Raka?
Answer: Fire on the Mountain
47. In which poem of Ezekiel would come across these words?
“A poet rascal-clown was born,
The frightened child who would not eat
Or sleep, a boy of meager bone.
He never learnt to fly a kite”.
Answer: Background, Casually
48. “We cannot write like the English. We should not. We cannot write only as Indiams.
…. Our method of expression therefore has to be a dialect which will someday prove
to be as distinctive and colourful as the Irish or the American”
Answer: Raja Rao’s in the preface to ‘Kanthapura’.
49. Which play of Dattani deals with the hijras?
Answer: Seven Steps Around the Fire
50. Which is Kamala Markandaya’s first novel?
Answer: Nectar in the Seive
51. Who established Dhvanyaloka, a centre for Indian English Literature?
Answer: C.D.Narasimhaiah in 1952.
52. Who is the author of The Perishable Empire?
Answer: Meenakshi Mukherjee
53. Which novel of Vikram Seth was inspired by Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin?
Answer: The Golden Gate
54. Who wrote The Great Indian Novel?
Answer: Shashi Tharoor
55. Name the missing novel in AMitav Ghosh’s Ibis Trilogy (Sea of Poppies, River of
Smoke, and……?)
Answer: Flood of Fire
56. Which poem of Kamala Das begins with these lines
“I don’t know politics but I know the names
Of those in power, and can repeat them like
Days of Week, or names of months….”
Answer: An Introduction
57. Who is the author of The Algebra of Infinite Justice?
Answer: Arundhati Roy
58. Name the author of So Many Hungers.
Answer: Bhabani Bhattacharya
59. Name the author of The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian.
Answer: Nirad Chaudhuri
60. Who wrote the poem “Our Casuarina Tree”?
Answer: Toru Dutt
61. What prize did Michael Ondaatje win for The English Patient?
Answer: Man Booker Prize
62. In White’s Voss, who is the patron of Voss’s expedition?
Answer: Bonner
63. Name the author of Funny Boy?
Answer: Shyam Selvadurai
64. Name the maiden novel of Chiamananda Ngozi Adichie.
Answer: Purple Hibiscus in 2003
65. In which novel of Margaret Atwood would you come across Offred and Serena Joy?
Answer: The Handmaid’s Tale
66. Who wrote The Ecstasy of Rita Joe?
Answer: George Ryga
67. Which country is referred to in these lines?
“And her five cities, like five teeming sores
Each drains her: a vast parasite-robber state
While second-hand Europeans pullulate
Timidly on the edge of alien shores”
Answer: Australia by A.D.Hope
68. Identify the author of the play Dream on Monkey Mountain.
Answer: Derek Walcott
69. Name the maiden novel of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni.
Answer: The Mistress of Spices
70. Who edited The Arnold Anthology of Post-Colonial Literatures in English?
Answer: John Thieme
71. “The poet, he nothing affirmeth, and therefore never lieth”….
Answer: Sidney in “Apology for Poetry”
72. “There are four speakers in Dryden’s An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” (Eugenius, Crites,
Lisideius and …..) Who is the fourth speaker?
Answer: Neander
73. “His tragedy seems to be skill, his comedy to be instinct.” Which playwright is
referred to in this comment?
Answer: Shakespeare in Johnson’s “Preface to Shakespeare”
74. “It may be safely affirmed, that there neither is, nor can be, any essential dfference
between the languages of prose and metrical composition”. Identify the speaker.
Answer: Wordsworth in “Preface to Lyrical Ballads”
75. “Poetry is something more scientific and more serious than history, because poetry
ends o give general truths while history gives particular facts.” Whose words are
these?
Answer: Aristotle
76. Who coined the term Neo-Colonialism
?
Nkrumah in 1960’s
77. Who described pastiche as “blank parody”?
Answer: Jameson
78. Whose theoretical framework has Edward Said used in Orientalism?
Answer: Derrida
79. Who proposed the concept of the carnivalesque?
Answer: Bhaktin
80. Which essay begins with these words: “ I began with the desire to speak with the
dead”?
Answer: Stephen Greenblatt’s The Circulation of Social Energy
81. In Frye’s “The Archetypes of Literature,” what is winter associated with?
Answer: Satire
82. Who is the author of The Wretched of the Earth?
Answer: Fanon
83. Which Yale Deconstructor was accused of being a N**i sympathizer?
Answer: De man
84. Who wrote about organic intellectuals?
Answer: Gramsci
85. Who made a distinction between RSA and ISA?
Answer: Althusser
86. When was the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies established at the
University of Birmingham?
Answer: 1964 by Richard Hoggart
87. Who declared that “Chaucer is not one of the great classics’’?
Answer: Arnold in The Study of Poetry.
88. In which essay does T.S.Eliot declare that “Criticism is as inevitable as breathing’’?
Answer: Tradition and the Individual Talent
89. Who publicized the concept of “interpretive communities”?
Answer: Fish
90. Who coined the term ecriture feminine?
Answer: Cixous
91. Who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2017?
Answer: Ishiguro
92. What is /v/ in English phonetics?
Answer: Voiced labio-dental frictive
93. How many syllables does the word “inaccessibility”?
Answer: 7 (In-ac-ces-si-bil-i-ty)
94. Who coined the term PS (Phrase Structure) Grammar?
Answer: Chomsky
95. “An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable”-Identify the metre.
Answer: Iambic
96. “Crown” standing for the king-Identify the figure of speech.
Answer: Metonymy
97. The word “Pram” is derived from “perambulator”. What is this process known as?
Answer: Syncopation
98. To what family (of languages) does French belong?
Answer:caltic
99. What is an Alexandrine with reference to metre”?
Answer: A line of six iambic feet
100. Who wrote Refractions:Essays in Comparative Literature?
Answer: Harry LevinTamilnadu Set Exam March2018 Answer key
1. Who, among the following poets, was a precursor to Romantic Poetry?
Answer: Robert Burns
2. Which novelists is widely known for his use of the stream-of –consciousness
technique?
Answer: James Joyce
3. Which year in the social history of England is associated with the Restoration?
Answer: 1660.
4. Which British dramatist attempted to reform English spelling?
Answer: G.B.Shaw
5. For God’s sake hold your tongue, and let me love
Which poem of Donne begins with these words
Answer: Cannonisation
6. How many pilgrims figure in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales?
Answer: 29
7. In which year was Henry VIII acknowledged the Supreme Head on the Earth of the
English church?
Answer: 1534
8. Identify the tragedy written by Ben Jonson
Answer: Sejanus
9. “…though we cannot make our sun / stand still, yet we will make him run”. Identify
the source of these lines from Marvell.
Answer: To His Coy Mistress
10. Which book of Paradise Lost opens with these lines:
‘Of Man’s first disobedience , and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world?
Answer: Book I
11. Who said of Chaucer’s characters: ‘it is sufficient to say, according to the proverb,
that here is God’s plenty?
Answer: Dryden
12. Which poem begins with these lines :
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day
The lowing herd win slowly o’er the lea
The plowman homeward plots his weary way”?
Answer: Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
13. “ To me the meanest flower that blows can give
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears”
In which poem of Wordsworth would you come across these lines?
Answer: Ode: Intimations of Immortality
14. Which novel of Joyce begins with these words: “once upon a time and very good time
it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was
coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo….?
Answer: A Portrait of an artist as a Young Man.
15. In which novel would you come across this line: “Ralph wept for the end of
innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise
friend called Piggy’?
Answer: Lord of the Flies
16. Name the first novel of Dorris Lessing.
Answer: The Grass is Singing (1950)
17. Which novel of D.H.Lawrence ends with these words: “But no, he would not give in.
Turning sharply, he walked towards the city’s gold phosphorescence. His fists were
shut, his mouth set fast. He would not take that direction, to the darkness, to follow
her. He walked towards the family humming, glowing town, quickly.”
Answer: Sons and Lovers.
18. “They give birth astride of a grave, the light gleams an instant, then it’s night once
more!”
Who makes this observation in Waiting for Godot?
Answer: Pozzo
19. What is the title of the second section of The Waste Land?
Answer: A Game of Chess
20. In which poem of Owen would you come across the following lines?
What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?
- only the monstrous anger of eth guns.
Only the stuttering rifles’ rapid rattle
Can patter out their hasty orisons?
Answer: Anthem for the Doomed Youth
21. Which African American spoke about ‘Double-Consciousness’?
Answer: W.E.B.Du Bois
22. I too, sing America
I am the darker brother
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes”
Whose words are these?
Answer: Langston Hughes
23. Who is the author of Invisible Man?
Answer: Ellison
24. Who wrote In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens?
Answer: Alice Walker
25. Who is the first African American to be named poet laureate of USA?
Answer: Rita Dove
26. You may write me down in history
With your bitter, twisted lies,
You may trod me in the very dirt
But still, like dust, I’ll rise
Whose words are these?
Answer: Maya Angelou’s Still I Rise.
27. Who is the young man in Hawthorne’s “My Kinsman, Major Molineux”?
Answer: Robin
28. “In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts: they come back to
us with a certain alienated majesty.”
Answer: Emerson from Self –Reliance
29. What, according to Poe in ‘The Philosophy of Composition’, is the ‘proper length’ of a
poem?
Answer: About one Hundred Lines
30. When was Uncle Tom’s Cabin published as a book
Answer: 1852
31. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
For what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.”
Answer: Whitman form Song of Myself
32. In which novel do you come across Starbug and Queequeq?
Answer: Moby Dick
33. In which play of Arthur Miller do you come across the line
“A man is not an orange. You can’t eat the fruit and throw the peel away”?
Answer: Death of Salesman (W***y to Howard)
34. Which poem of Elizabeth Bishop begins with these lines:
“The art of losing isn’t hard to master;
So many things seem filled with the intent
So be lost that their loss is no disaster”?
Answer: One Art (first three lines)
35. In which novel would you come across the Shepherdsons and the Grangerfords?
Answer: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
36. Who wrote the essay “The Art of Fiction”?
Answer: James
37. Who wrote ‘The Awakening’?
Answer: Kate Chopin
38. Which poem of Sylvia Plath opens with these lines?
“I have done it again.
One year in every ten
I manage it-“?
Answer: Lady Lazarus
39. Name the author of Gravity’s Rainbow?
Answer: Thomas Pynchon
40. Name the author Oleanna.
Answer: Mamet
41. How many songs does Gitanjali Contain?
Answer: 103
42. Which British novelist was instrumental in getting a publisher for R.K.Narayan’s first
four books?
Answer: Graham Green
43. Which poem of A.K.Ramanujam begins with the following lines?
“In Madurai,
City of temples and poets,
Who sang of cities and temples,
Every summer…”
Answer: A River
44. In which Indian drama would you come across Om and Jaya?
Answer: Harvest by Manjula Padmanabhan
45. Among the following which novel has NOT won the Booker Prize?
Answer: Fasting, Feasting (but shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1999)
46. In which of the novel of Anita Desai would you come across Nanda Kaul and Raka?
Answer: Fire on the Mountain
47. In which poem of Ezekiel would come across these words?
“A poet rascal-clown was born,
The frightened child who would not eat
Or sleep, a boy of meager bone.
He never learnt to fly a kite”.
Answer: Background, Casually
48. “We cannot write like the English. We should not. We cannot write only as Indiams.
…. Our method of expression therefore has to be a dialect which will someday prove
to be as distinctive and colourful as the Irish or the American”
Answer: Raja Rao’s in the preface to ‘Kanthapura’.
49. Which play of Dattani deals with the hijras?
Answer: Seven Steps Around the Fire
50. Which is Kamala Markandaya’s first novel?
Answer: Nectar in the Seive
51. Who established Dhvanyaloka, a centre for Indian English Literature?
Answer: C.D.Narasimhaiah in 1952.
52. Who is the author of The Perishable Empire?
Answer: Meenakshi Mukherjee
53. Which novel of Vikram Seth was inspired by Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin?
Answer: The Golden Gate
54. Who wrote The Great Indian Novel?
Answer: Shashi Tharoor
55. Name the missing novel in AMitav Ghosh’s Ibis Trilogy (Sea of Poppies, River of
Smoke, and……?)
Answer: Flood of Fire
56. Which poem of Kamala Das begins with these lines
“I don’t know politics but I know the names
Of those in power, and can repeat them like
Days of Week, or names of months….”
Answer: An Introduction
57. Who is the author of The Algebra of Infinite Justice?
Answer: Arundhati Roy
58. Name the author of So Many Hungers.
Answer: Bhabani Bhattacharya
59. Name the author of The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian.
Answer: Nirad Chaudhuri
60. Who wrote the poem “Our Casuarina Tree”?
Answer: Toru Dutt
61. What prize did Michael Ondaatje win for The English Patient?
Answer: Man Booker Prize
62. In White’s Voss, who is the patron of Voss’s expedition?
Answer: Bonner
63. Name the author of Funny Boy?
Answer: Shyam Selvadurai
64. Name the maiden novel of Chiamananda Ngozi Adichie.
Answer: Purple Hibiscus in 2003
65. In which novel of Margaret Atwood would you come across Offred and Serena Joy?
Answer: The Handmaid’s Tale
66. Who wrote The Ecstasy of Rita Joe?
Answer: George Ryga
67. Which country is referred to in these lines?
“And her five cities, like five teeming sores
Each drains her: a vast parasite-robber state
While second-hand Europeans pullulate
Timidly on the edge of alien shores”
Answer: Australia by A.D.Hope
68. Identify the author of the play Dream on Monkey Mountain.
Answer: Derek Walcott
69. Name the maiden novel of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni.
Answer: The Mistress of Spices
70. Who edited The Arnold Anthology of Post-Colonial Literatures in English?
Answer: John Thieme
71. “The poet, he nothing affirmeth, and therefore never lieth”….
Answer: Sidney in “Apology for Poetry”
72. “There are four speakers in Dryden’s An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” (Eugenius, Crites,
Lisideius and …..) Who is the fourth speaker?
Answer: Neander
73. “His tragedy seems to be skill, his comedy to be instinct.” Which playwright is
referred to in this comment?
Answer: Shakespeare in Johnson’s “Preface to Shakespeare”
74. “It may be safely affirmed, that there neither is, nor can be, any essential dfference
between the languages of prose and metrical composition”. Identify the speaker.
Answer: Wordsworth in “Preface to Lyrical Ballads”
75. “Poetry is something more scientific and more serious than history, because poetry
ends o give general truths while history gives particular facts.” Whose words are
these?
Answer: Aristotle
76. Who coined the term Neo-Colonialism
?
Nkrumah in 1960’s
77. Who described pastiche as “blank parody”?
Answer: Jameson
78. Whose theoretical framework has Edward Said used in Orientalism?
Answer: Derrida
79. Who proposed the concept of the carnivalesque?
Answer: Bhaktin
80. Which essay begins with these words: “ I began with the desire to speak with the
dead”?
Answer: Stephen Greenblatt’s The Circulation of Social Energy
81. In Frye’s “The Archetypes of Literature,” what is winter associated with?
Answer: Satire
82. Who is the author of The Wretched of the Earth?
Answer: Fanon
83. Which Yale Deconstructor was accused of being a N**i sympathizer?
Answer: De man
84. Who wrote about organic intellectuals?
Answer: Gramsci
85. Who made a distinction between RSA and ISA?
Answer: Althusser
86. When was the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies established at the
University of Birmingham?
Answer: 1964 by Richard Hoggart
87. Who declared that “Chaucer is not one of the great classics’’?
Answer: Arnold in The Study of Poetry.
88. In which essay does T.S.Eliot declare that “Criticism is as inevitable as breathing’’?
Answer: Tradition and the Individual Talent
89. Who publicized the concept of “interpretive communities”?
Answer: Fish
90. Who coined the term ecriture feminine?
Answer: Cixous
91. Who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2017?
Answer: Ishiguro
92. What is /v/ in English phonetics?
Answer: Voiced labio-dental frictive
93. How many syllables does the word “inaccessibility”?
Answer: 7 (In-ac-ces-si-bil-i-ty)
94. Who coined the term PS (Phrase Structure) Grammar?
Answer: Chomsky
95. “An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable”-Identify the metre.
Answer: Iambic
96. “Crown” standing for the king-Identify the figure of speech.
Answer: Metonymy
97. The word “Pram” is derived from “perambulator”. What is this process known as?
Answer: Syncopation
98. To what family (of languages) does French belong?
Answer:caltic
99. What is an Alexandrine with reference to metre”?
Answer: A line of six iambic feet
100. Who wrote Refractions:Essays in Comparative Literature?
Answer: Harry Levin
[5/27, 4:49 P



1. Aestheticism –

often associated with Romanticism, a philosophy defining aesthetic value as the primary goal in understanding literature. This includes both literary critics who have tried to understand and/or identify aesthetic values and those like Oscar Wilde who have stressed art for art's sake.
I.Oscar Wilde,
II.Walter Pater,
III.Harold Bloom

2. American pragmatism and other American approaches
I.Harold Bloom,
II.Stanley Fish,
III.Richard Rorty

3. Cognitive Cultural Studies –
applies research in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive evolutionary psychology and anthropology, and philosophy of mind to the study of literature and culture

I.Frederick Luis Aldama,
II.Mary Thomas Crane,
III.Nancy Easterlin,
IV.William Flesch,
V.David Herman,
VI.Suzanne Keen,
VII.Patrick Colm Hogan,
VIIIAlan Richardson,
IX.Ellen Spolsky,
X.Blakey Vermeule,
XI.Lisa Zunshine

4. Cultural studies –
emphasizes the role of literature in everyday life
I.Raymond Williams,
II.Dick Hebdige, and Stuart Hall (British Cultural Studies);
III.Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno;
IV.Michel de Certeau; also Paul Gilroy, John Guillory

5. Deconstruction –
a strategy of "close" reading that elicits the ways that key terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their meaning undecidable
I.Jacques Derrida,
II.Paul de Man,
III.J. Hillis Miller,
IV.Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe,
V.Gayatri Spivak,
VI.Avital Ronell

6. Eco-criticism –
explores cultural connections and human relationships to the natural world.

7. Gender –
which emphasizes themes of gender relations
I.Luce Irigaray,
II.Judith Butler,
III.HÊlène Cixous,
IV.Elaine Showalter

8. Formalism –
a school of literary criticism and literary theory having mainly to do with structural purposes of a particular text

8. German hermeneutics and philology
I.Friedrich Schleiermacher,
II.Wilhelm Dilthey,
III.Hans-Georg Gadamer,
IV.Erich Auerbach,
V.RenĂŠ Wellek

9. Marxism (Marxist literary criticism) –
which emphasizes themes of class conflict
I.Georg LukĂĄcs,
II.Valentin Voloshinov,
III.Raymond Williams,
IV.Terry Eagleton,
V.Fredric Jameson,
VI.Theodor Adorno,
VII.Walter Benjamin

10.New Criticism –
looks at literary works on the basis of what is written, and not at the goals of the author or biographical issues
I.W. K. Wimsatt,
II.F. R. Leavis,
III.John Crowe Ransom,
IV.Cleanth Brooks,
V.Robert Penn Warren

11.New Historicism –
which examines the work through its historical context and seeks to understand cultural and intellectual history through literature
I.Stephen Greenblatt,
II.Louis Montrose,
III.Jonathan Goldberg,
IV.H. Aram Veeser

12. Postcolonialism –
focuses on the influences of colonialism in literature, especially regarding the historical conflict resulting from the exploitation of less developed countries and indigenous peoples by Western nations
I.Edward Said,
II.Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,
III.Homi Bhabha and Declan Kiberd

13. Postmodernism –
criticism of the conditions present in the twentieth century, often with concern for those viewed as social deviants or the Other
I.Michel Foucault,
II.Roland Barthes,
III.Gilles Deleuze,
IV.FĂŠlix Guattari
V. Maurice Blanchot

14. Post-structuralism –
a catch-all term for various theoretical approaches (such as deconstruction) that criticize or go beyond Structuralism's aspirations to create a rational science of culture by extrapolating the model of linguistics to other discursive and aesthetic formations
I.Roland Barthes,
II.Michel Foucault,
III.Julia Kristeva

15. Psychoanalysis (psychoanalytic literary criticism) – explores the role of consciousnesses and the unconscious in literature including that of the author, reader, and characters in the text
I. Sigmund Freud,
II.Jacques Lacan,
III.Harold Bloom,
IV.Slavoj ŽiŞek,
V.Viktor Tausk

16. Q***r theory –
examines, questions, and criticizes the role of gender identity and sexuality in literature
I.Judith Butler,
II.Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick,
III.Michel Foucault

17. Reader-response criticism –
focuses upon the active response of the reader to a text
I.Louise Rosenblatt,
II.Wolfgang Iser,
III.Norman Holland,
IV.Hans-Robert Jauss,
V.Stuart Hall

18. Russian formalism
I.Victor Shklovsky,
II.Vladimir Propp

19.Structuralism and semiotics (see semiotic literary criticism) –
examines the universal underlying structures in a text, the linguistic units in a text and how the author conveys meaning through any structures
I.Ferdinand de Saussure,
II.Roman Jakobson,
III.Claude LĂŠvi-Strauss,
IV.Roland Barthes,
V.Mikhail Bakhtin,
VI.Yurii Lotman,
VII.Umberto Eco,
VIII.Jacques Ehrmann,
IX.Northrop FFry
Authors, Literary works & Important Characters

William Shakespeare:
King Lear (Play) King Lear; Goneril; Regan; Cordelia

Hamlet (Play) Hamlet; Ophelia; Claudius; Gertrude

Othello (Play) Othello; Desdemona

Macbeth (Play) Macbeth; Lady Macbeth; Duncan; Banquo; Three Witches

Twelfth Night(Play) Viola; Duke Orsino; Malvolio; Olivia; Sebastian

Measure for Measure (Play) Isabella; Juliet; Lucio; Angelo; Claudio

The Tempest (Play) Prospero; Miranda; Ferdinand; Caliban; Ariel

Merchant of Venice (Play) Shylock; Portia; Antonio; Bassanio; Jessica

John Milton:
Paradise Lost (Epic) Adam; Eve; Satan; Raphael; Michael.

Jane Austen:
Pride and Prejudice (Novel)
Mr. Darcy; Elizabeth Bennet; Jane Bennet; Charles Bingley;
Mr. William Collins; Kitty Bennet; Lydia Bennet.

Charlotte Bronte:
Jane Eyre (Novel)
Jane Eyre; Edward Rochester; Georgiana; Reed; Bertha Mason.

English Literature MCQ (Early -1550)

• Goethe defined literature “the humanization of the whole world”
• In 450 coming of Saxons to England
• Bede wrote Ecclesiastical History of the English People in 731
• Weimer Classicism is a cultural and literary movement, the movement from 1772 until 1805 involved John Wolfgang von Goethe as German literary writer.
• His first novel was The Sorrow of Young Werther
• Anglo-Saxon literature ranges from 7th to 11th
• Anglo-Saxons were people who in habitated from Germanic Tribes. Anglo-Saxon periods denote the early settlement of British history until the Norman conquest, between about 450 and 1066.
• Norman were from Scandinavia
• Norman defeat the Anglo Saxon King in the battle of Hastings in 1066
• Normans brought with them Chornicles
• Anglo Saxon Poetry has been derived from Church
• The main result of the victory of Normans over French as they lost their civilization
• William , the duke of Normandy became the master of England beating the last of the Saxon Kings
• The main outcome of the battle of the Hastings in 1066 was that it changed the civilization of whole nation
• Chanson National Epic is also known as “Chanson de Roland”
• Complete history of Britons was written by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who was a Welsh Monk
• Battle of Hastings , Death of Edward and William of Normandy becomes the king in 1066
• Advocate’s Library gives a complete picture of Normandy Literature
• Merri Greenwood Men ballads were later collected into Geste of Robin Hood
• Seven Wise Masters is a collection of French oriental tales
• The Matter of Greece , is related to tales of Alexander
• Alisoun is the melodious love song written at the end of 13th century
• Rule of Achoresses , an English prose written by Bishop Poore in 1225
• Battle of Brunan was an English victory in 937 by the army of the Athelstan, King of England and his brother Edmund over the Scots.
• Battle of Hastings was fought on 14th October 1066 between Norman French army an English Army under the Anglo Saxon King Harold II.
• The battle of Lewes took place in 1264, conflict known as Second Baron’s War. War took place between Henry III and Simon de Manfort .
• Henry II also known as Henry Curtmentle.( 1154-89)
• Edward I reign 1272 t0 1307 , was first son of Henry III
• Cursor Mundi, a metrical romance was written in 1320
• Edward III defeated the French at the Battle of Poitiers and battle of Crecy in 1336 and 1346. The Battle of Poitiers was a major battle between England and France, popularly known Hundred Years’ War.
• Laurence Minot (1330-1352 ) , he belongs to patriotic versifier.
• The first public school, Wi******er College was established in 1373.
• Peasant Revolt also known as Wat Tyler’s revolt was a major revolt of 1381. The problems generated by the black death in 1340. It estimated 75 to 200 million people died in Europe.
• Fall of Constantinople, the capital of eastern Roman Empire (6th April -29th of May 1453.
• Black Death 1348-49
• Battle of Crecy was in 1346
• Henry IV ascended the throne in 1399 to 1413
• The war of roses was the series of dynastic wars of the throne of England. Between House of York and house of Lancaster (1455-1487)
• Post Chaucerian period is known as 1400-1455
• Edward III came to the throne in 1327.
• Richard II came to the throne in 1377
• East midland dialect became standard English (king’s English) by the time of Chaucer.
• In war of Roses , roses stands for Houses.
• Henry VII is also known as defender of the faith.
• French had become official language after Norman conquest in 1066
• Magna Carta in 1215
• 1340 , birth of Geoffrey Chaucer
• 1370 , Chaucer wrote Book of Duchess
• 1377 , Langland wrote Piers Plowmen
• 1400 , death of Chaucer and murder of Richard II
• 1415, Battle of Agincourt
• William Caxton, History of troy, the First book in Engl Iish in the year 1474-75.English Literature

1. Father of English Novel ---
→ Henry Fielding
2. Father of English Poem--
→ Geoffrey Chaucer
3. Poet of poets ---
→ Edmund Spenser
4. English Epic poet ---
→ John Milton
5. Both a poet and painter ---
→ Blake
6. Famous mock heroic poet in English Literature
---
→ Alexander Pope
7. The poet of nature in English Literature
---
→ William Wordsworth
8. Poet of beauty in English Literature ---
→ John Keats
9. Rebel poet in English Literature ---
→ Lord Byron
10. Poet of Skylark and Winds---
→ P.B. Shelley
11. Father of Modern English Literature ---
→ G.B. Shaw
12. Most translated author of the world ---
→ V. I. Lenin
13. Bard of Avon ----
→ William Shakespeare
14. Poet of Love/ Metaphysical Poet---
→ John Donne
15. Father of English Criticism ---
→ John Dryden
16. Father of Romanticism ---
→ Coleridge & Wordsworth
17. The Founder of English Prose---
→ Alfred the Great
18. First Sonneteer in English Literature ---
→ Sir Thomas Wyatt
19. Poet of Supernaturalism / O***m Eater
---
→ S.T. Coleridge
20. Father of English Tragedy ---
→ Christopher Marlowe
21. Father of English Eassay ---
→ Francis Bacon
22. The Greatest Modern Dramatist ---
→ George Bernard Shaw...

* *

* *
◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼

🍁 *What is a round character?*
A round character is a complex and dynamic. In this character improvement and change occurs during the course of work .

🍁 *What is a soliloquy?*
Soliloquy is a device use in drama in which a character speaks to himself or herself (thinking loud) by showing his feelings or thoughts to audience.

🍁 *What is Neo-classicism?*
Neo-classicism is a eighteenth century western movement of art, literature and architecture. They got inspiration from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

🍁 *What is a mock-epic?*
Mock-epic is a poem in which satire, exaggeration, irony and sarcasm is used to mock the subject or used the epic style for the trivial subject etc.

🍁 *What is a complex plot?*
A complex plot according to Aristotle is that have ‘peripeteia’ (reversal) and ‘anagnorisis’ (denouement) without these is a simple plot.

🍁 *What is interior monologue?*
Interior monologue is the expression of internal thought, feelings and emotions of a character in dramatic or narrative form.

🍁 *What is blank verse?*
Blank verse is a form of poetry that written in iambic pentameter but un-rhymed.

🍁 *What is Art for Arts’ sake?*
“Art for Arts’ sake” is nineteenth century literary movement which gives importance to aesthetic pleasure instead of moral, didactic or utilitarian function of literature.

🍁 *What is Epistolary novel?*
Epistolary novel is a narrated work. In this type of novel the story is narrated through letters sent by the observer or by those who participating in the events. Example: 18th century’s novel ‘Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa etc.

🍁 *Differentiate between novel and novella.*
Difference between novel and novella is length of the narrative work. Novella is shorter than novel and longer than short story but novel is long narrated work.

🍁 *What is the difference between “Open form poetry” and “Closed form poetry”?*
Close form poetry used the fix pattern of stanza, rhyme and meter etc. For example: sonnet, limerick, haiku and sestina etc. Open form poetry does not use these fix patterns.

🍁 *What is the structure of Spenserian stanza?*
Spenserian stanza consist of nine lines, eight lines are in iambic pentameter and followed by single line in iambic hexameter. The last line is called Alexandrine.

🍁 *Differentiate between ‘Blank verse’ and ‘Free verse’.*
‘Blank verse’ follows the fix meter like iambic pentameter and un-rhymed but ‘Free verse’ is also un-rhymed and does not follow the fix meter.

🍁 *How can you define “Pastoral elegy”?*
Pastoral elegy is a poem about death. In this poem poet expresses his grief for the dead in rural setting or about the shepherds.

🍁 *What is ‘Point of View’?*
‘Point of view’ is an opinion, judgment or attitude on a matter. It may be against are in favor.

🍁 *Define plot.* What are its various elements?
Plot is a logical arrangement of events in a story or play. The exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution are the elements of plot.

🍁 *What is conflict?*
Conflict is a problem or struggle in a story or play. It occurs in rising action, climax and falling action. It creates suspense and excitement in the story or play.

Define black comedy.
Black comedy is a humorous work in which human suffering regards as absurd and funny..

🍁 *What do you mean by Theater of the absurd?*
Theater of the absurd is one kind of drama in which absurdity emphasized and lack realistic and logical structure. For example: “Waiting for Godot” by Samuel Beckett.

🍁*How can you differentiate between flat and round characters?*
A round character is a complex and dynamic. In this character improvement and change occurs during the course of work but flat character are uncomplicated and remains unchanged through the course of work.

🍁 *What was the Oxford movement?*
Oxford movement starts in 1833 and for the revival of Catholic doctrine in Anglican Church. It is against the conventional understanding of the religion.

🍁 *Define Puritanism?*
Puritanism is the religious movement starts in sixteen century and the goal of the movement is to purify the church of England from its Catholic practices.

🍁 *What is Imagism?*
Imagism is a movement of Anglo-American poets started in early nineteenth century in which they emphasize the use of clear images and simple and sharp language.

🍁 *What is meant by Stream of Consciousness?*
Stream of Consciousness is a technique of narration in which the series of thoughts in the mind of the character are presented. “To the Lighthouse” by Virginia Woolf is one example.

🍁*What is meant by Gothic Novel?*
Gothic Novel is one type of novel. In this type the cruel passions and supernatural terror is presented. Example: Monastery or Haunted Castle etc.

🍁*What is Metaphysical Poetry?*
Metaphysical poetry is a highly intellectualized poetry with the use of wit, imagery, conceits and paradox etc. It is obscure and rigid. For example: “John Donne’s poetry.
[5/27, 3:58 PM] ‪+92 300 2730009‬: (Solved)M.cqs. ENGLISH LITERATURE ☘🌸🌸👇🙋‍♂🍁🍁🍁🍁

1. Who, among the following poets, was a precursor to Romantic Poetry?
Answer: Robert Burns
2. Which novelists is widely known for his use of the stream-of –consciousness
technique?
Answer: James Joyce
3. Which year in the social history of England is associated with the Restoration?
Answer: 1660.
4. Which British dramatist attempted to reform English spelling?
Answer: G.B.Shaw
5. For God’s sake hold your tongue, and let me love
Which poem of Donne begins with these words
Answer: Cannonisation
6. How many pilgrims figure in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales?
Answer: 29
7. In which year was Henry VIII acknowledged the Supreme Head on the Earth of the
English church?
Answer: 1534
8. Identify the tragedy written by Ben Jonson
Answer: Sejanus
9. “…though we cannot make our sun / stand still, yet we will make him run”. Identify
the source of these lines from Marvell.
Answer: To His Coy Mistress
10. Which book of Paradise Lost opens with these lines:
‘Of Man’s first disobedience , and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world?
Answer: Book I
11. Who said of Chaucer’s characters: ‘it is sufficient to say, according to the proverb,
that here is God’s plenty?
Answer: Dryden
12. Which poem begins with these lines :
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day
The lowing herd win slowly o’er the lea
The plowman homeward plots his weary way”?
Answer: Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
13. “ To me the meanest flower that blows can give
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears”
In which poem of Wordsworth would you come across these lines?
Answer: Ode: Intimations of Immortality
14. Which novel of Joyce begins with these words: “once upon a time and very good time
it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was
coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo….?
Answer: A Portrait of an artist as a Young Man.
15. In which novel would you come across this line: “Ralph wept for the end of
innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise
friend called Piggy’?
Answer: Lord of the Flies
16. Name the first novel of Dorris Lessing.
Answer: The Grass is Singing (1950)
17. Which novel of D.H.Lawrence ends with these words: “But no, he would not give in.
Turning sharply, he walked towards the city’s gold phosphorescence. His fists were
shut, his mouth set fast. He would not take that direction, to the darkness, to follow
her. He walked towards the family humming, glowing town, quickly.”
Answer: Sons and Lovers.
18. “They give birth astride of a grave, the light gleams an instant, then it’s night once
more!”
Who makes this observation in Waiting for Godot?
Answer: Pozzo
19. What is the title of the second section of The Waste Land?
Answer: A Game of Chess
20. In which poem of Owen would you come across the following lines?
What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?
- only the monstrous anger of eth guns.
Only the stuttering rifles’ rapid rattle
Can patter out their hasty orisons?
Answer: Anthem for the Doomed Youth
21. Which African American spoke about ‘Double-Consciousness’?
Answer: W.E.B.Du Bois
22. I too, sing America
I am the darker brother
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes”
Whose words are these?
Answer: Langston Hughes
23. Who is the author of Invisible Man?
Answer: Ellison
24. Who wrote In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens?
Answer: Alice Walker
25. Who is the first African American to be named poet laureate of USA?
Answer: Rita Dove
26. You may write me down in history
With your bitter, twisted lies,
You may trod me in the very dirt
But still, like dust, I’ll rise
Whose words are these?
Answer: Maya Angelou’s Still I Rise.
27. Who is the young man in Hawthorne’s “My Kinsman, Major Molineux”?
Answer: Robin
28. “In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts: they come back to
us with a certain alienated majesty.”
Answer: Emerson from Self –Reliance
29. What, according to Poe in ‘The Philosophy of Composition’, is the ‘proper length’ of a
poem?
Answer: About one Hundred Lines
30. When was Uncle Tom’s Cabin published as a book
Answer: 1852
31. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
For what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.”
Answer: Whitman form Song of Myself
32. In which novel do you come across Starbug and Queequeq?
Answer: Moby Dick
33. In which play of Arthur Miller do you come across the line
“A man is not an orange. You can’t eat the fruit and throw the peel away”?
Answer: Death of Salesman (W***y to Howard

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