Advanced Endoscopy & Treatment Center

14/03/2026

Liver Tests and Ratios for the Practicing Endoscopist

Knowledge of liver tests are essential for the daily practice of gastroenterology and endoscopy. The response of the liver to various types of injury varies and is often reflected by differentiated elevation of different liver tests. Classic examples are a ratio of 2:1 of AST:ALT in alcohol-induced liver injury, however, with AST rarely surpassing 50 IU/L, unless there is an additional insult, such as acetaminophen. Also, often we are called to the intensive care unit to evaluate patients...

13/03/2026

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is characterised by the development of type 2 diabetes
mellitus in patients < 25 years old. It is typically inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. Over six
different genetic mutations have so far been identified as leading to MODY.
It is thought that around 1-2% of patients with diabetes mellitus have MODY and around 90% are
misclassified as having either type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
MODY 3
* 60% of cases
* due to a defect in the HNF-1 alpha gene
MODY 2
+ 20% of cases
* due to a defect in the glucokinase gene
Features of MODY
* typically develops in patients

10/03/2026

During colonoscopy, chromoendoscopy with magnification allows for detailed analysis of the mucosal surface, known as the "pit pattern."

The Kudo classification helps predict the histology of a colonic lesion in real-time.

**Key Patterns:**

• Type I (Normal): Round pits
• Type II (Hyperplastic): Stellate or star-like pits
• Type IIIL (Low-grade adenoma): Tubular or round pits, larger than normal
• Type IV (High-grade adenoma): Branch-like or gyrus-like pits
• Type V (Invasive Cancer): Irregular, distorted, or absent pits (amorphous)

This optical biopsy technique is a powerful tool for differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic polyps and guiding endoscopic therapy.

09/03/2026

03/03/2026

https://ow.ly/rZxo50Yo9IF

02/03/2026

Diagnosis and Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Source: AJG 2025