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Frozen shoulder, stages of frozen shoulder and treatment exercises

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Ankle Anatomy

The ankle joint (also called the talocrural joint) connects the leg to the foot and allows movement such as dorsiflexion (lifting the foot up) and plantarflexion (pointing the foot down).
It’s a complex hinge joint made up of bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves that work together for stability and motion.

1. Bones of the Ankle

The ankle involves three main bones:

Tibia – the larger shin bone; forms the medial (inner) part of the ankle.

Fibula – the smaller bone on the outside of the lower leg; forms the lateral (outer) part.

Talus – the top bone of the foot that fits between the tibia and fibula, forming the main ankle joint.

Other nearby bones:

Calcaneus (heel bone) – forms the heel and connects below the talus.

Navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones – part of the midfoot, just in front of the ankle.

2. Joints of the Ankle

There are two key joints:

Talocrural joint: between tibia, fibula, and talus — allows up and down motion.

Subtalar joint: between talus and calcaneus — allows side-to-side tilting (inversion and eversion).

3. Ligaments (Stabilizers)

These strong bands of tissue keep the ankle bones stable:

Medial (inner) side – Deltoid ligament complex:

Prevents the ankle from rolling outward (eversion).

Includes: tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, anterior & posterior tibiotalar ligaments.

Lateral (outer) side – Three main ligaments:

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) – most commonly sprained.

Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)

Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)

4. Muscles & Tendons

Muscles around the ankle control movement and stability:

Anterior (front):

Tibialis anterior – lifts the foot (dorsiflexion).

Extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus – lift toes.

Lateral (outer):

Peroneus longus and brevis – turn foot outward (eversion) and stabilize ankle.

Posterior (back):

Gastrocnemius & soleus – form the calf and attach via the Achilles tendon to the heel, allowing you to push off when walking or running.

Medial (inner):

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus – support the arch and turn foot inward.

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Work station stretches

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Diagnosis of different areas of body

27/10/2025

Elbow pain diagnosis

Elbow pain can have many possible causes, depending on where the pain is located, what movements make it worse, and any recent activity or injury. Below is a general diagnostic framework to help narrow down likely causes — though a formal diagnosis should always come from a healthcare professional.

1. Initial Questions

To help identify the cause, doctors typically ask:

Location: Inside, outside, front, or back of the elbow?

Onset: Sudden (e.g., injury) or gradual (e.g., overuse)?

Aggravating factors: Lifting, gripping, throwing, twisting?

Associated symptoms: Swelling, numbness, weakness, fever, redness?

2. Common Causes by Location

Lateral (outer elbow) pain

Likely cause: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

Overuse of wrist extensors (especially with gripping or lifting).

Pain with resisted wrist or finger extension.

Tenderness over lateral epicondyle.

Other possibilities:

Radial tunnel syndrome (nerve entrapment)

Osteoarthritis (especially with stiffness or crepitus)

🛑Medial (inner elbow) pain

Likely cause: Medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow)

Pain with wrist flexion or pronation (turning palm down).

Tenderness over medial epicondyle.

Other possibilities:

Ulnar nerve entrapment (cubital tunnel syndrome): pain + numbness/tingling in ring and little fingers.

Medial collateral ligament strain (throwers)

🛑Posterior (back of elbow) pain

Likely cause: Olecranon bursitis

Swelling over the tip of the elbow.

May follow trauma or prolonged leaning on the elbow.

Other possibilities:

Triceps tendinopathy

Gout or rheumatoid arthritis (if red, hot, swollen)

🛑Anterior (front of elbow) pain

Likely cause: Biceps tendinopathy or rupture

Pain with elbow flexion or forearm supination (turning palm up).

Possible “Popeye” deformity if tendon ruptured.

3. Systemic or referred causes

Neck (C-spine) nerve compression: Radiating pain, numbness, or weakness down arm.

Inflammatory arthritis: Morning stiffness, multiple joints affected.

Infection: Redness, warmth, fever,

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Benefits of keeping legs up for few minutes in a day

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How posture affects our body!

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How normal or disturbed cervical curve shows in Xray?

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Bag backs affect on children posture

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Lumbosacral plexus

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