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Som Laboratory, Hargeisa (2026)

24/12/2025

#1. Ultrasound
- *How it Works: An ultrasound is performed by a doctor or a medical specialist. The ultrasound machine uses sound waves to create images of the mother’s abdomen, allowing visualization of the baby's shape.
- *Timing: It is generally performed between 18-20 weeks of pregnancy. During the scan, the doctor can tell the baby's gender if it is clearly visible.

#2. Cultural Beliefs and Observations
- *Cultural Beliefs: Some cultures have various anecdotes. For example, they might say:
- If a woman’s belly appears low, it is believed to be a girl.
- If the belly appears high, it is thought to be a boy.
- Observations: Some people believe that when a mother has specific cravings, it may indicate the gender of the baby.

#3. Blood Tests
- *Types: Blood tests, such as NIPT (Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing), can determine the baby's gender by analyzing the fetal DNA present in the mother’s blood.
- Timing: This test is usually done after about 10 weeks of pregnancy and has a high level of accuracy.

#4. Mother's Intuition
- Intuition: Some mothers claim that their feelings and cravings are linked to the baby’s gender. For example, if they crave sweets or certain foods, they might suspect they are having a girl.

#5. Medical Records
- Records: Some doctors use medical history to make predictions about the baby's gender based on previous medical data.

The most accurate methods are ultrasound and blood tests. Cultural beliefs and the mother’s intuition can be interesting, but they are not reliable.

21/12/2025

Have you ever try this....😅

30/09/2025

Sputum MCS (Microscopy, Culture, and Sensitivity) Test

1. Objective

The objective of the sputum MCS test was to identify microorganisms present in the respiratory tract and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.

2. Principle

The principle was based on direct microscopic examination of sputum for bacteria and cells, culture of sputum on suitable media for bacterial growth, and sensitivity testing of isolated organisms against different antibiotics.

3. Materials

The materials used were:

Fresh sputum sample (early morning, sterile container)

Gram stain and Ziehl-Neelsen stain reagents

Inoculating loop

Culture media (Blood agar, MacConkey agar, Chocolate agar, etc.)

Incubator

Microscope

Antibiotic discs (for sensitivity testing)

4. Procedure

1. The sputum sample was collected in a sterile, leak-proof container.

2. A direct smear was prepared and stained with Gram stain and Ziehl-Neelsen stain for microscopic examination.

3. The sample was inoculated onto culture media plates using an inoculating loop.

4. The plates were incubated at 35–37°C for 24–48 hours.

5. After incubation, bacterial colonies were examined for morphology and further biochemical tests were performed for identification.

6. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.

5. Result

The result showed the type of bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or others) along with their sensitivity or resistance to commonly used antibiotics.

6. Uses

The sputum MCS test was used for:

Diagnosing lower respiratory tract infections (pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis, etc.)

Guiding antibiotic therapy by showing drug susceptibility

Monitoring treatment effectiveness

Detecting resistant strains of bacteria

7. Consultation

The results were interpreted by the physician in combination with clinical findings and imaging studies. Abnormal findings such as multidrug-resistant organisms required further consultation for targeted therapy.

18/09/2025

What do you think about the recent outbreak of worms?

Some people say that worms are just pests!

Some parents have taken to using a gun to kill the worms that have appeared, shocked by their sudden presence.

Here are some recommendations:

1. Make sure to prioritize cleanliness in your home, and always teach your babies to wash their hands.

2. For babies older than one year who stay at home, make sure to administer worm medication twice a year.

3. If you notice any signs in babies under one year, take them to the doctor and do not give them worm medication without a prescription.

4. Adults and families should also take the worm medication as babies do; it’s essential for everyone to stay clean.

Join the campaign to eliminate worms! Everyone should participate.

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15/08/2025

Entamoeba histolytica Antigen Test
1. Objective
The objective of the test was to detect the presence of specific Entamoeba histolytica antigen in stool specimens, assisting in the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery and intestinal amoebiasis.
________________________________________
2. Principle
The test was based on the detection of E. histolytica-specific antigens using monoclonal antibodies through either an immunochromatographic (rapid card) method or ELISA. If antigens were present in the stool, they reacted with labeled antibodies to form a visible signal or color change.
________________________________________
3. Materials
• Fresh stool sample
• E. histolytica antigen test kit (ELISA or rapid card)
• Extraction buffer
• Micropipettes or dropper
• Gloves and sterile collection cup
• Incubator (for ELISA method)
• ELISA plate reader (if applicable)

4. Procedure (Rapid Immunochromatographic Test)
1. A portion of the stool sample was mixed with the extraction buffer.
2. Several drops of the prepared mixture were added to the sample well of the test cassette.
3. The test cassette was allowed to sit at room temperature for 10–15 minutes.
4. The presence of a test line along with a control line indicated a positive result.
________________________________________
5. Result (Example)
• Control line only: Negative
• Control + Test line: Positive
• No control line: Invalid
Example:
• Result: Positive
• Interpretation: Entamoeba histolytica antigen detected in stool — confirms amoebic infection.
________________________________________
6. Uses
• Diagnosed intestinal amoebiasis and amoebic dysentery
• Differentiated between pathogenic E. histolytica and non-pathogenic E. dispar (unlike microscopy)
• Aided in treatment decisions in patients with diarrhea and abdominal pain
________________________________________
7. Conclusion
The Entamoeba histolytica antigen test was a specific and non-invasive method for diagnosing amoebic infections. It offered more accurate detection than microscopy and helped guide appropriate therapy.

31/07/2025

Stool Test (Routine Microscopy)

1. Objective:

The objective of the stool test was to detect the presence of intestinal parasites, eggs, cysts, blood, mucus, pus cells, or abnormal constituents in the stool sample, aiding in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections or disorders.

2. Principle:

The test was based on microscopic examination of freshly collected stool to identify parasitic forms and chemical or visual detection of abnormalities such as occult blood, mucus, and fat globules.

3. Materials:

Clean, wide-mouthed stool container with lid

Applicator stick or spoon

Normal saline and iodine solution

Glass slides and coverslips

Light microscope

Gloves and PPE

Labeling materials

Waste disposal bin and disinfectant

4. Procedure (Microscopic):

1. A fresh stool sample was collected in a sterile container.

2. A small portion was emulsified in normal saline on a glass slide.

3. Another slide was prepared with iodine stain to detect cysts more clearly.

4. Coverslips were placed and slides were examined under 10x and 40x objectives.

5. The presence of ova, cysts, trophozoites, pus cells, RBCs, and fat globules was noted.

6. Additional chemical tests (e.g., occult blood) were performed if requested.

5. Result:

Normal: No parasites, no blood, no excess mucus or abnormal cells.

Abnormal: Presence of parasites (e.g., Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica), pus cells, RBCs, or fat indicating infection or malabsorption.

6. Uses:

It was used to diagnose parasitic infections, diarrhea causes, malabsorption, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Also helpful in food poisoning and amoebic dysentery diagnosis.

7. Consultation:

Patients with abnormal findings were referred to a physician or gastroenterologist. Anti-parasitic or antibiotic treatment was prescribed based on the organism detected.

28/07/2025

Hemoglobin Overview

19/07/2025

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs are more common in women than in men, and they can vary in severity.

# # # Symptoms
Common symptoms of a UTI include:
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Burning sensation when urinating
- Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
- Blood in urine
- Pelvic pain (especially in women)

# # # Causes
UTIs are typically caused by bacteria, most commonly *Escherichia coli* (E. coli), which normally lives in the intestines. Other potential causes can include:
- Sexual activity
- Certain types of birth control
- Menopause
- Diabetes

# # # Diagnosis
Diagnosis usually involves:
- Urinalysis to check for bacteria or white blood cells
- Urine culture to identify the specific bacteria

# # # Treatment
- **Antibiotics:** The primary treatment for UTIs.
- **Pain relievers:** To alleviate discomfort.
- **Increased fluid intake:** To help flush out the bacteria.

# # # Prevention
To reduce the risk of UTIs:
- Stay hydrated.
- Urinate after in*******se.
- Wipe from front to back.
- Avoid irritating feminine products.

19/07/2025

Plasmodium falciparum parasites, specifically in the gametocyte stage.

Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite.

18/07/2025

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18/07/2025

Important of paratical 🔬 🔬 🔬 🔬 🔬
Urine Microscopic Examination. 👇👇

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