03/16/2026
A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis in Frontiers
in Psychiatry synthesized randomized controlled trials testing whether adding EEG neurofeedback (EEG-NF) to standard pharmacotherapy is associated with greater changes in symptom ratings than medication alone in adults with schizophrenia. Across 14 RCTs totaling 1,371 participants, the pooled results favored the combined approach for both positive and negative symptom scales, while also revealing substantial between-study heterogeneity—an important reminder that
“neurofeedback” is not a single intervention, but a family of
protocols that differ in targets, montage, reinforcement schedules,
feedback modality, and training intensity. Subgroup analyses pointed to a practical “dose” signal: programs delivered at higher frequency (≥4 sessions/week) and longer duration (≥8 weeks) tended to show larger effects, and several studies used protocols emphasizing SMR (12–15 Hz) and beta activity, often at central and prefrontal sites. The authors also evaluated study quality using PEDro and the CRED-nf checklist, finding generally moderate methodological quality but persistent gaps in preregistration, blinding feasibility, and data
transparency—factors that likely contribute to variability and to the
lower certainty rating for negative-symptom findings due to
publication-bias concerns.
We at BrainMaster see this as aligned with where the field is headed: more precise, better-documented, and more personalized EEG-NF that may support professional care. Our BrainMaster Atlantis and Discovery systems support research-informed workflows by enabling flexible protocol design, real-time artifact management, and multimodal feedback delivery, while BrainMaster QEEG tools may help clinicians ground training decisions in objective baseline and follow-up metrics rather than relying on generic band targets alone. As the literature calls for clearer reporting of parameters (sites, bands, thresholds, and processing), having platforms that make these settings explicit
and repeatable can help clinics standardize practices, compare
outcomes over time, and participate in higher-quality multi-site
research initiatives.
Educational content only, not medical advice.
Neurofeedback and QEEG are evidence-informed wellness and performance technologies that may support professional care; they are not intended to replace professional medical evaluation or care.
Article URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1537329/full