11/09/2025
She was born property. She died with her words printed in every American passport—and most people carrying them have no idea who she was.
Raleigh, North Carolina, 1858.
A baby girl entered the world enslaved. Her mother, Hannah Stanley Haywood, was owned. Her father was almost certainly the white man who enslaved her mother—George Washington Haywood.
The child's name was Anna Julia. By law, she was property with no rights, no future, no voice.
Anna Julia Cooper was about to prove the law catastrophically wrong.
When emancipation came in 1865, seven-year-old Anna tasted freedom for the first time. And immediately, she wanted one thing: education.
In 1868, St. Augustine's Normal School opened to train Black teachers. Anna enrolled and devoured everything they'd teach her. But there was a problem—advanced courses were only for male students. Women could learn enough to teach children or support husbands. Nothing more.
Anna thought that was ridiculous.
She demanded access to advanced classes. They refused. She pushed harder. Finally, they relented—and she outperformed every male student in the school.
At 23, she enrolled at Oberlin College in Ohio, one of the only institutions admitting both women and Black students. By 1884, she'd earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics. By 1887, a master's degree.
A Black woman with two mathematics degrees in the 1880s wasn't just rare. It was supposed to be impossible.
Anna moved to Washington, D.C., and began teaching. By 1902, she'd become principal of M Street High School—now Dunbar High School. Under her leadership, it became legendary.
She set impossibly high standards. Latin. Greek. Advanced mathematics. Classical literature. She prepared Black students for Harvard, Yale, and Oberlin when America insisted they were only capable of manual labor.
Her students shattered that lie over and over again.
Racist school board members were furious. In 1906, they fabricated charges and forced her out as principal.
She kept teaching. She kept writing. She kept fighting.
In 1892, she'd published "A Voice from the South"—one of the first books by a Black woman analyzing race and gender in America. In it, she wrote a sentence that would outlive her:
"The cause of freedom is not the cause of a race or a sect, a party or a class—it is the cause of humankind."
Then, in her 60s—when most would consider retirement—Anna decided to earn a Ph.D.
American universities blocked her at every turn. So in 1911, she went to Paris.
While teaching full-time in Washington and raising her adopted children, she traveled across the Atlantic to study at the Sorbonne. In 1925, at age 67, the University of Paris awarded her a doctorate.
Anna Julia Cooper became the fourth African American woman ever to earn a Ph.D.—in a foreign language, in a foreign country, while working full-time and raising children.
She taught for 15 more years. At 84, she founded Frelinghuysen University, a night school for working Black adults in D.C.
She lived to 105.
Born when slavery was legal. Died in 1964—one year after "I Have a Dream," during the Civil Rights Movement she'd spent a lifetime fighting toward.
She witnessed the Civil War, Reconstruction, Jim Crow, the Harlem Renaissance, both World Wars, and the beginning of the end of legal segregation.
When Dr. Anna Julia Cooper died on February 27, 1964, she'd spent 105 years proving that Black women's minds were as powerful as anyone's. That education is a right. That freedom belongs to everyone.
Today, her words appear in United States passports carried by millions.
Most have no idea who wrote them. Most don't know about the woman born enslaved who earned a Sorbonne doctorate at 67. Who fought to give Black students classical education when America said they should be servants. Who taught for over 60 years while America tried to erase her.
She was born property.
She died one of the most educated women in America, with her philosophy traveling the world in millions of hands.
That's not just a life. That's a revolution—lived one student, one degree, one defiant act of brilliance at a time.
In honor of Dr. Anna Julia Cooper (1858-1964): born enslaved, died impossible to ignore—though history still tries.