06/21/2025
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (before age 18). These experiences have been linked to a wide range of long-term negative outcomes, including an increased risk of incarceration.
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✅ List of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
The original ACE study (by the CDC and Kaiser Permanente) identified 10 ACEs, divided into three categories:
1. Abuse
• Emotional abuse: A parent or adult in the household often swore at you, insulted you, or put you down.
• Physical abuse: A parent or adult often pushed, grabbed, slapped, or hit you.
• Sexual abuse: An adult or someone at least 5 years older touched or had sexual contact with you.
2. Neglect
• Emotional neglect: You often felt unloved or that no one looked out for you.
• Physical neglect: You didn’t have enough to eat, had to wear dirty clothes, or no one protected you.
3. Household Dysfunction
• Mental illness: Lived with someone who was depressed, mentally ill, or attempted su***de.
• Substance abuse: Lived with someone who was a problem drinker or used drugs.
• Domestic violence: Witnessed your mother or stepmother being physically abused.
• Parental separation/divorce: Parents were ever separated or divorced.
• Incarcerated household member: A household member went to prison.
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🔒 ACEs and Incarceration Risk
Numerous studies have shown a direct correlation between a high ACE score and:
• Increased risk of juvenile detention
• Higher adult incarceration rates
• Greater likelihood of violent or criminal behavior
📊 ACE Score Thresholds and Incarceration Risk
• Score of 4 or more: Strongly correlated with higher risk of incarceration and other high-risk behaviors (e.g., substance use, aggression).
• Score of 6 or more: Significantly higher rates of early death, chronic illness, and exponentially increased risk of incarceration.
A 2014 study (Baglivio et al.) on juvenile offenders found:
• Over 50% had ACE scores of 4 or more
• ACE score was a predictive factor for both juvenile and adult criminal justice involvement
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🛡️ Protective Interventions
While a high ACE score is a risk factor, it does not determine destiny. Protective factors can buffer against negative outcomes:
• Stable, supportive relationships (with even one caring adult)
• Access to mental health services
• Trauma-informed care in schools and justice systems
• Mentoring, education, and community programs