12/27/2025
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1FzyoUGBjt/?mibextid=wwXIfr
A young Hungarian scientist, her husband, and their two-year-old daughter board a plane to America. Hidden inside the child’s teddy bear is £900, everything they own, smuggled out of communist Hungary after selling their car on the black market.
Her name is Katalin Karikó. She is thirty years old. She has a PhD in biochemistry. And she believes, almost alone, that messenger RNA could one day teach human cells how to fight disease.
She has no idea that four decades of rejection lie ahead. Or that her work will eventually save millions of lives.
Karikó takes a research position at Temple University in Philadelphia. Four years later, she clashes with her supervisor. According to later reporting, he reports her to immigration authorities, claiming she is in the country illegally. She has to hire a lawyer to avoid deportation. A job offer from Johns Hopkins is withdrawn. Her career nearly ends before it has properly begun.
She finds another position at the University of Pennsylvania and continues working on mRNA. No one wants to fund it. Grant after grant is rejected. In academic science, grants are survival. Without them, you do not exist.
Most researchers avoid RNA altogether. It degrades easily. Experiments fail. When Karikó argues that the problem is contamination, not the molecule, no one listens.
By 1995, Penn gives her an ultimatum. Abandon mRNA or accept a demotion off the tenure track. At the same time, she is diagnosed with cancer. Her husband is stuck in Hungary because of visa problems. The future she worked toward is slipping away.
She chooses the demotion.
Her salary drops below that of her own technician. She is demoted again. And again. Four times in total. She begins to doubt herself, to wonder whether she simply is not good enough. She considers leaving science altogether.
Then, in 1997, she meets Drew Weissman at a photocopier.
They start talking. Weissman is trying to develop an HIV vaccine. Karikó tells him she can make any mRNA he needs. He listens. That alone sets him apart.
For years, they work in near invisibility. No funding. No prestige. No interest from major journals. They keep going anyway.
In 2005, they make the breakthrough. They discover how to modify mRNA so it does not trigger the immune system to destroy it. One small change. One decisive insight. Suddenly, mRNA becomes usable for vaccines.
They submit the paper. Nature rejects it. Science rejects it. It is eventually published in Immunity and largely ignored.
In 2013, Karikó is pushed out of Penn. She is fifty-eight years old. No American university wants her. She takes a job at a small German biotech company called BioNTech. For years, she commutes between countries, still running experiments herself, still believing.
Then 2020 arrives.
A novel coronavirus spreads across the world. Millions die. Governments panic. The world needs a vaccine faster than any vaccine has ever been made.
And the technology everyone dismissed becomes the solution.
The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are built on the mRNA platform Karikó spent her life refining. The first mRNA vaccines ever approved for human use. They save millions of lives.
When she learns the trials worked, she celebrates alone by eating an entire box of chocolate-covered peanuts.
On October 2, 2023, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
She is not a professor. She never climbed the ladder she was told mattered. She was demoted, dismissed, nearly deported, and repeatedly told her work was worthless.
When asked how she endured it, her answer is simple. She did not crave recognition. She felt successful because she was doing the work she believed in.
Rejection did not mean she was wrong. It meant she was early.
She kept going not because she expected a Nobel Prize, but because the science mattered. And when the world needed it most, it was ready.
She carried everything she owned in a teddy bear. She was told to stop. She did not.
And the world survived because of it.
