10/22/2025
Top 10 Take-Home Messages:
1. The Chain of Survival provides a broad overview of the critical steps to care for individuals suffering cardiac arrest, which can be customized depending on the age, etiology, and location of the arrest.
2. We present a simplified Chain of Survival meant to be applied to pediatric and adult cardiac arrest. In the future, the addition of prevention and preparedness is anticipated given the importance of avoiding cardiac arrest altogether and optimizing resuscitation once it has occurred.
3. Systems of care (SOC) comprise policies and procedures, personnel, equipment and resources, information, and quality improvement, and are highly influenced by the environment of care.
4. Community initiatives to improve lay rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are inherently multimodal, incorporating mass media, directed training, publicly available resources, mobile technologies, and policies and procedures.
5. The structure of in- and out-of-hospital resuscitation teams are variable, and adequate training, numbers of responders, and defined roles are crucial to produce good outcomes.
6. Debriefing and feedback to rescuers and analysis of data registries may be important components of a cardiac arrest quality improvement program.
7. In most cases, on scene resuscitation aimed at achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is preferable to patient transport with ongoing CPR but this strategy requires that emergency medical technicians and paramedics be adequately trained on when to terminate efforts and how to provide death notifications.
8. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) CPR is a promising but resource intensive advanced resuscitation technique that requires an organized SOC to select appropriate patients and craft the optimal pathway for care delivery and optimization.
9. More research is needed to identify the optimal components of cardiac arrest centers and determine when scene or interfacility transport to such a center is beneficial.
10. A SOC that integrates inpatient and outpatient services is needed to provide elements of recovery demonstrated to be beneficial in cardiac arrest survivors.
2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care