09/20/2021
In 1895, x-rays were discovered by a German scientist names Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. At that time, x-rays (so called because it was unidentified radiation, hence X-radiation) were noted to emanate from vacuum tubes charged with high voltage electric current. He noted light on the far wall of the room, rather than than being absorbed by a screen. (Michael Faraday, Humphry Davy and William Morgan may have actually discovered this in 1785, but credit is given primarily to Röntgen.)
Röntgen used his device to capture a picture of his wife’s hand, which clearly showed the bones as well as her wedding ring. The machine contained a tube and a hand-crank static electricity generator. Johns Hopkins Hospital was the first to own such a machine, and their first image ever was of a bullet lodged in a woman’s spine. All involved were constantly exposed to the radiation, depending on the distance from the device, which could be significant because an x-ray took 45 minutes to produce and the radiologist had to continually adjust and re-adjust the exposure.
However overall applications were limitless and the potential was enormous. Edison quickly took up research into x-rays and developed the Vitascope, which later became fluoroscopy (still used today) to observe live in-action x-ray imaging. Shoe stores x-rayed feet, which was especially delightful for children, throughout the 1920-50's.
Eventually many scientists developed burns, hair loss, and often required finger or limb amputations after repeated use, before lead was available. Repeated radiation exposure can cause fibrosis, essentially an internal scarring of the tissue, wth thinning blood vessels as the first sign. It takes years to present and damage is cumulative and irreversible. Keep in mind these were completely unprotected scientists, researchers, and laboratory personnel who were exposed to countless hours of radiation -- very different from a typical dose from a CT scan, a mammogram, or other tests that use ionizing radiation! The average dose of radiation from a mammogram is about the same as if you flew from NY to CA -- you’re 5 miles closer to the source when you’re at 37000 feet!!
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