02/17/2026
Dr. James McCune Smith Elkins was born in New York in 1818 and he was a trailblazer in medicine, engineering, and civil rights. On January 9, 1872, he also patented the design for an improved “chamber-commode”. It combined multiple pieces of furniture into one item and featured a bureau, mirror, bookshelf, washstand, table, easy-chair, and earth-closet or chamber-stool. On November 4, 1879 he patented a refrigeration technique for human corpses since preserving deceased bodies in the 19th century was challenging.
He played a significant role in supporting the Underground Railroad in Albany, New York, during the 1840s and 1850s. After studying surgery and dentistry, he established a successful pharmacy in Albany, NY, and offered dental services. His contributions were recognized by the city, appointing him as a "district physician."
During the Civil War, Elkins served as a medical examiner for the 54th and 55th Massachusetts regiments, joining a group of Black volunteers led by Governor John A. Andrew. His commitment to social justice extended beyond the war, as he traveled internationally, including to Liberia.