12/28/2025
I never push medication on my clients or parents who want to just try therapy but this is a very good read.
Brain scans are reshaping scientists’ understanding of ADHD medication.
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine analyzed resting-state fMRI data from 5,795 children aged 8 to 11 and found that prescription stimulants, such as Ritalin and Adderall, primarily activate brain networks involved in arousal and reward, rather than the classic attention-control circuits long thought to be their main targets.
Children who had taken stimulants on the day of their scan showed stronger connectivity in regions linked to wakefulness and to anticipating how rewarding a task will feel, with little change in traditional attention networks.
A small follow-up experiment with five healthy adults confirmed the same pattern: after a dose of stimulant medication, brain activity increased in arousal and reward systems, suggesting that these drugs “pre-reward” the brain, making otherwise dull or difficult tasks feel more engaging and easier to stick with.
The study also uncovered a striking link between stimulants and sleep. Among children in the broader dataset, those with ADHD who took stimulants tended to have better grades and stronger performance on cognitive tests than those with ADHD who did not. Notably, stimulants appeared to erase the brain-scan “signature” of sleep deprivation and offset some of its associated cognitive and behavioral impairments, effectively mimicking certain benefits of a good night’s sleep. However, this effect did not extend to well-rested, neurotypical children taking stimulants, raising questions about why some of them receive these medications. The authors warn that because sleep-deprived children can look behaviorally similar to children with ADHD, some may be misdiagnosed and placed on stimulants that mask fatigue without resolving its root causes.
References (APA style)
Kay, B. P.(2025, December 24). Stimulant medications affect arousal and reward, not attention networks. Cell.
Washington University in St. Louis. (2025, December 24). Brain scans reveal a surprise about ADHD medications. SciTechDaily.