01/18/2026
đł this is a story I have not heard of
âTHERE WAS NO ESCAPE FROM THE WAVEâ
THE BOSTON MOLASSES FLOOD
On January 15, 1919, one of the strangest disasters in American history occurred at the harbor in Boston, Massachusetts. Although it seems unbelievable, 21 people were killed that day and another 150 were injured when a flood of molasses swept over the neighborhood, bringing with it terror and death.
The events began four years earlier, in 1915, when the Purity Distilling Company constructed a huge storage tank in Bostonâs North End. It was designed to hold shipments of Caribbean molasses that could be distilled into rum and industrial alcohol. Located on Commercial Street, near Boston Harbor, the immense tank towered over the nearby neighborhood of homes and businesses.
In the years that followed the tankâs construction, Purity and its parent company, U.S. Industrial Alcohol, had thrived thanks to the wartime demands for industrial alcohol, which was used in the production of weapons during World War I.
Those who lived and worked near the tank watched it with growing concern. The immense structure shuddered and groaned each time it was filled. Molasses seeped through the tankâs seams, running to the ground in thin, sticky rivulets. Purity Distilling responded by painting the exterior of the tank brown, making it harder to see the leaking molasses.
There was grumbling that something terrible was bound to happen one of these days.
That day was January 15, 1919. It was an unseasonably warm winterâs day for Boston â close to 40 degrees -- and many people were out and about. Robert Burnett was at home on Commercial Street eating dinner with his family. Ralph Martin and Dave Spellman were relaxing in North End Park, sitting on an automobile. Bridgett Cloughtery, her daughter Theresa and her son, Stephen, were eating in their dining room at 6 Copps Hill Terrace. Bridgettâs son, Martin, who worked nights, was asleep in the next room. Earlier, Mrs. Cougherty had been hanging laundry outside and had stopped to wave at a neighborhood child, little Maria DiStasio, who was gathering firewood.
Things were quiet in the nearby business establishments. William White, the custodian of the giant molasses tank, locked up and headed uptown to meet his wife for lunch and shopping. At freight house No. 4 of the Boston & Worcester Street Railway Company, freight agent Dorley worked with a crew of three clerks in a small office above the warehouse.
In the recreation room of a nearby firehouse, the men from fireboat No. 31 were passing the afternoon. Hoseman William H. Connor, who had just returned from the war, was playing cards with fellow firefighters Nat Bowering, Patrick Driscoll, Frank McDermott, and George Lahey. Lahey later recalled that one of the firemen remarked on how quiet the day had been with no alarm all morning.
Daily life in the neighborhood continued just as it was supposed to. Horses pulled freight wagons down the street. Children from the nearby homes finished their lunches and told their mothers goodbye, walking back to school after the mid-day break. Workmen finished their lunches and returned to their labors. A railway train rattled past on the elevated tracks just west of the giant molasses tank.
Then, suddenly, the lives of those who lived and worked near the tank changed forever.
Most of the witnesses later agreed that the first sign of disaster came not with an explosion but with an ominous rumbling sound. The cause of the accident remains a mystery to this day, but whether it was a tank failure, or an explosion, makes little difference â the deadly results were the same.
The giant tank suddenly ruptured with such force that its three-quarter-inch steel sides blasted into the elevated railway tracks. The huge steel girders were bent and twisted, and more than 100 feet of the elevated tracks were utterly destroyed in a matter of seconds.
Every gallon of the thick molasses weighed almost 12 pounds. In a few moments, more than 27 million pounds of molasses was freed from the tank. A sticky wave more than 30-feet-high gushed out of the tank and bore down on the homes of Copps Hill Terrace. After the wave smashed against the brick structures at the base of the hill, it swirled with deadly force back toward the harbor.
Robert Burnett, who had been at home with his family eating dinner in their second-floor dining room, told the Boston Post:
âI thought it was an elevated train, until I heard a swish as if the wind was rushing. Then it became dark. I looked out from the windows and saw this black wave coming. It didnât rush. It just rolled, slowly as it seemed, like the side of a mountain falling into space. Of course, it came quickly⌠We snatched open the door of the hall and molasses was already at the top of the 14-step flight of stairs. I slammed the door and we ran for the roof.â
At 6 Copps Hill Terrace, Martin Cloughtery woke up when he heard a slight rumble outside. He later told the newspapers that he âcould see nothing but blackness all around with a few flashes of light. I seemed to be smothering when I got a breath of fresh air. I did not know where I was. I thought I was in the water⌠I found what turned out to be part of my house resting on my chest.â
Martinâs mother, Bridgett Cloughtery, was killed when the wave of molasses struck their home. Reports stated that she had been âblown through the walls of her home and buried under the debris of her dwelling.â
Martin McDonough lived in another apartment in the same building. The last thing he remembered hearing was a crash as he was taking a bite of mashed potatoes. He was later found unconscious in the street. The entire building had been flattened when the molasses spill swept it more than 100 feet off its foundation.
The body of little Maria DiStasio was found buried beneath wreckage near the elevated train tracks where she had been gathering firewood.
At the freight office, agent Dorley knew exactly what the sound was when he first heard it. âThe molasses tank is gone,â he cried to the other clerks in the office.
Twenty-one people died in the disaster and another 150 were injured. Many others escaped death by sheer luck. A police officer who was walking his beat felt some liquid hit the back of his uniform and was able to duck around the corner of a brick building before the force of the wave hit. A sailor, who had been standing on a corner chatting with a girl, was swept away, but only slightly injured. The girl was listed among the missing. In North End Park, Dave Spellman watched as the wave of molasses washed his friend Ralph Martin into the harbor. He tried to save him but was unable to fight his way through the thick and sticky goo. A workman unloading a load of lard was severely injured and his horse killed when the wave of molasses struck his delivery wagon. Another workman, who was loading a wagon at the street railway terminal was thrown to the pavement and his horse and wagon crushed. An oil tanker was completely demolished. Two girls, ages nine and eleven, didnât return to school after the noon break and it was realized they were lost in the wave.
Most of the deaths that resulted from the disaster were caused by suffocation. There was simply no escape from it. As the molasses swept over its victims, they were unable to run, swim or even move. Once it washed over a personâs head, there was no way to breathe or get free from the sticky mass. To die in such a way was undoubtedly terrifying.
Lieutenant Commander William Copeland was on the upper deck of the training ship âNantucketâ when he saw the tank burst open. Within five minutes, his crew had rushed to the scene with stretchers, first-aid kits and sailors to aid in the rescue of survivors. From the Charlestown Navy Yard, Commander William Rush sent crews from the minesweepers âStarlingâ, âBreakerâ, and âBillowâ, which were anchored off the North End pier. Two Navy tugboats and a submarine chaser hurried to the scene and an Army hospital in Roxbury sent a medical detachment of 80 men. The Boston Red Cross also rushed to the accident site to offer support services.
What the rescue crews found was a huge sticky mess. Reeking, waist-deep molasses sloshed through the ruins of houses, freight terminals, and warehouses. Wagons and railroad cars had been shattered and overturned by the heavy tide. Stunned survivors staggered in the morass, shaking and bogged down by the thick liquid. The sludge was so sticky and impenetrable that medical personnel on the scene and at the local hospitals were unable to immediately determine the gender of the survivors that were brought to them. As it slopped onto the floors, the molasses fouled the wheels of the hospital gurneys and dirtied the hallways and exam rooms.
Rescuers waded through tangles of debris, the hazards of which were hidden under the mess. They risked their own safety as they slogged through the wreckage. Their rubber boots became a hindrance as they filled with the oozing slime and men could be seen in their stocking feet as they chopped at debris with fire axes or cut through metal with acetylene torches.
During a day filled with valiant efforts, the most harrowing rescue occurred at the fireboat No. 31 firehouse. George Lahey had just left the card game and was going upstairs to check on the crewâs boat when the wave of molasses hit. The tide actually lifted the three-and-a-half-story firehouse and then slammed it on the ground again. The force of the blow threw Lahey back down the stairs to the recreation room and sent him sprawling. Molasses and pieces of metal tank crashed through the firehouse and overturned a huge slate pool table, pinning Lahey to the floor.
Meanwhile, before the impact, fireman William Connor saw a wall of molasses that he guessed to be 150 feet high approaching the station like a cyclone. He yelled at the other men to jump and Patrick Driscoll hurled himself headfirst through the closest window. But Connor and Nat Bowering, along with Lahey, were not so lucky. They were knocked down on the floor and trapped in the building when the second story collapsed. The only thing that kept the men from being crushed to death by the second floor was a few chairs and a piano. There was barely 18 inches between the trapped men and the floor that loomed above them. Connor knew that if anyone attempted to rescue them â and entered the second floor â they would be killed instantly.
The prospect of being crushed to death was only one of the menâs worries. The building had barely escaped being washed out into the harbor. Stuck at the edge of the wrecked dock, the fire station was directly in the path of thousands of gallons of molasses as it flowed toward the water.
Trapped on their backs, the three men would see out of a narrow opening and quickly realized the danger they were in. The flood of molasses, deadly in its own right, carried crushed pieces of wreckage with it as it flowed toward the place where they were trapped. If they were not crushed by the building collapsing, they could be drowned in the molasses or cut to pieces by the debris that came along with the wave.
Connor was able to grab hold of Laheyâs foot, which was sticking through a partition that separated them. Lahey pleaded for help. The molasses was flowing in around him and was nearly up to his neck. Connor was also stuck but knowing that the men would be drowned if the molasses was not allowed to flow through the building, he crawled to an opening and kicked out a tangle of boards that were stuck over an open hold in the side of the firehouse. The level of the molasses dropped as it seeped through the ruins. âIt seemed like weeks that we lay there,â Connor later recalled. âThe flood of molasses at times flowed up to our ears. We bumped our heads on the floor above, always trying to keep our nose and mouth above the fluid.â
Finally, after about 30 minutes, a sailor from the âNantucketâ saw Connorâs foot moving in the ruins. He signaled his fellow rescuers and they began a two-hour effort to work the firefighters loose. Not worrying about their own safety, a team of sailors smashed into the building and worked their way inside. With saws and their bare hands, they tore away the beams that imprisoned Bowering and Connor. Sailors pulled the two men to safety and then went back for Lahey. They desperately cut away a portion of the wood floor beneath him and rescuers were able to make contact with the trapped man. With Laheyâs fading voice directing their work, a team of 50 men used torches and cutting saws to remove the iron and steel that held him in place.
Sadly, the rescue came too late. Just minutes before the sailors reached Lahey, he had lost consciousness. His head dropped into the molasses and he drowned.
Lahey did not die alone in the disaster. Another 20 people joined him in an early grave. Crews spent months spraying the area with fire hoses to clean molasses off the bricks and cobblestone streets of Bostonâs North End.
The question of who was responsible for the tragedy languished in the courts for years. The distilling company argued that some outside force caused the tank to explode. Prosecutors called it a âghost defense,â laughing that the company seemed to think that âghosts and hobgoblinsâ were responsible for the rupture.
In the end, most came to believe that the tank was simply not strong enough to contain the massive load of syrup. The company paid out nearly $1 million in claims, an insufficient amount to make up for the lost and shattered lives caused by something as simple as molasses.