09/05/2024
By 2025 there will be 1 billion menopausal women in the world. Approximately 25 million women in the United States, with many more expected to enter this phase soon, yet there is a significant lack of awareness about it among women, as revealed by a survey conducted by the North American Menopause Society (NAMS). Symptoms of perimenopause are often misunderstood or attributed to other factors, leading to delays in seeking medical care and support. These symptoms, such as hot flashes and mood swings, can profoundly impact women’s quality of life and workplace performance. Healthcare disparities in access to information about perimenopause and treatment exist, particularly among underserved communities, highlighting the need for education initiatives to ensure all women receive accurate support during this transitional phase.
What is Perimenopause?
Perimenopause refers to the transitional phase leading up to menopause, marking the gradual decline of reproductive hormones in a woman’s body. Surprisingly a woman can begin experiencing perimenopausal symptoms as early as her mid 30’s. and ends when her menstrual cycle ceases.
Common symptoms expressed by the perimenopausal woman include brain fog, anxiety, irregular me**es, fluctuating hormone levels, and various symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and changes in libido. Perimenopause can be a challenging time for many women as they navigate the physical, mental, and emotional changes associated with the end of their reproductive years.
How menopause occurs
For most women, menopause is marked by the end of monthly menstruation (also known as a menstrual period or ‘period’) due to loss of ovarian follicular function. This means that the ovaries stop releasing eggs for fertilization.
The regularity and length of the menstrual cycle varies across a woman’s reproductive life span, but the age at which natural menopause occurs is generally between 45 and 55 years for women worldwide.
Natural menopause is deemed to have occurred after 12 consecutive months without menstruation for which there is no other obvious physiological or pathological cause and in the absence of clinical intervention.
Menopause can also be induced because of surgical procedures that involve removal of both ovaries or medical interventions that cause cessation of ovarian function (for example radiation therapy or chemotherapy).
Changes associated with menopause
The hormonal changes associated with menopause can affect physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being. The symptoms experienced during and following the menopausal transition vary substantially from person to person. About a third of women don't have any symptoms. About half experience significant symptoms and another third have severe symptoms,
Some can experience symptoms for several years.
As the ovaries stop working, levels of estrogen fall, causing the symptoms of menopause. Symptoms can vary greatly for women.
• Hot flashes: Also called hot flushes, about 75 percent of all women experience brief, sudden increases in body temperature. Heart palpitations or dizziness may accompany the feeling of being hot. If experienced at night, it’s called a “night sweat.” Hot flashes and night sweats typically last one to two years. It's a rise in temperature, usually from the chest up. There is a surge in adrenaline, too, that can cause anxiety.
• Vaginal dryness: The tissues of the va**na and urethra may become thin and dry. This can lead to pain during in*******se and in some cases, more serious problems such as vaginitis (an inflammation of the va**na that can cause discharge, itching and pain) and cystitis (urinary tract infection).
• Hair changes: Some women may find increased facial hair and scalp hair may become thin.
• Fatigue: Hormonal imbalances during menopause may cause women to feel tired or sluggish.
• Skin dryness: As estrogen levels decrease, fewer of the skin’s natural collagens and oils are stimulated. This can result in dry, itchy skin.
• Insomnia: During menopause a woman’s hormones are in flux, including a hormone called progesterone, which is known to help regulate sleep patterns.
• Urinary weakness
• Pelvic floor weakens, which causes the urge to urinate more frequently or urinary leakage
• Mood changes
• Increase in irritability, anxiety and/or depression
Treatments for Menopause Symptoms
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), also known as postmenopausal hormone therapy and hormone replacement therapy, is the most effective treatment for menopause. As the name suggests, MHT replaces the hormones — estrogen and, sometimes, progesterone
Having lower levels of estrogen is the root cause of tell-tale menopause symptoms, such as hot flashes, va**nal dryness, and mood changes, and low estrogen levels are also associated with a higher risk of osteoporosis and heart disease. "Hormone therapy started early in menopause can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is the number one killer of women. Both physicians and patients are realizing now that hormones are vital to health and well-being.”
Low-Dose Antidepressants
Hot flashes, also called vasomotor symptoms, are the symptom most women going through menopause seek treatment for, according to Cedars-Sinai.
Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved using paroxetine, an SSRI antidepressant, for the treatment of hot flashes. This antidepressant is the only non-hormonal treatment that's FDA-approved to treat hot flashes.
If you're using antidepressants to help relieve hot flashes, you generally won't take a dosage as high as someone taking antidepressants to manage depression. The recommended paroxetine dosage for hot flashes is 7.5 mg once daily at bedtime, while people taking the SSRI for depression will usually start at 20 milligrams per day, according to the Mayo Clinic. Side effects are dose-dependent, so if you're taking paroxetine for hot flashes, you're less likely to experience side effects from it than if you were taking it for depression.
Other medications: gabapentin, Clonidine, pregabalin
Optimizing Your Diet
Drugs aren't your only course of action to treat persistent menopause symptoms. Changing your diet and prioritizing certain nutrients has been shown to help manage symptoms, too. For example, including foods rich in phytoestrogens (or plant estrogens) has been shown to help reduce hot flashes as well as improve sleep, cognition, and bone health,
Getting more calcium and vitamin D can also help stave off bone loss. The NIH recommends getting at least 1,200 mg of calcium and 800 to 1,000 IUs of vitamin D every day. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, as well as calcium-fortified foods such as cereals. There aren't many foods rich in vitamin D, so you're best off taking a quality D3 supplement.
Exercising More
While hitting the gym or a HIIT class may not do wonders for banishing night sweats, exercising more can help stave off the long-term effects of menopause.
For example, exercising has been shown to improve postmenopausal women's triglyceride levels and lower their body fat, which are two risk factors of cardiovascular disease (and remember, cardiovascular disease risk increases once we hit menopause),
What's more, research shows that exercising regularly — specifically, strength or resistance training — can help improve bone density and stave off osteoporosis, another condition women are more likely to experience during and after menopause.
What Exactly is a Bio-identiacal Hormone
The term “bioidentical” means that a hormone is chemically and structurally identical to the hormone that the body naturally produces. Bioidentical hormone therapy used to treat menopausal symptoms typically contains estradiol which is, in fact, identical to the estradiol used in traditional hormone therapy. Thus, the term bioidentical hormone therapy can be confusing; there are bioidentical hormones approved by the FDA, but there are also compounded bioidentical hormone therapies.
FDA-approved bioidentical hormones include estradiol, estrone, and micronized progesterone, which are regulated and monitored for purity and efficacy according to FDA guidelines.
Mindfulness and meditation
These practices can help improve thinking and mood. Mindfulness meditation can help you focus on the present moment, which may help reduce how much hot flashes bother you.
Yoga
Yoga may be as effective as other types of exercise for relieving menopause symptoms.
Acupuncture
Some studies suggest that acupuncture may help reduce the frequency and severity of hot flashes, but results are conflicting.
Hypnosis
Research suggests that hypnosis may help reduce the frequency and severity of hot flashes.
Red clover
A review of 11 studies found that red clover was more effective at alleviating hot flashes than a placebo.
Soy
Many studies indicate that soy can reduce hot flashes. You can ask your provider if a soy supplement might be right for you.
Protein-rich foods
Eating protein throughout the day can help prevent the loss of lean muscle mass that occurs with age.
Handheld fans and "chillows"
These products can help reduce body temperature for women who experience hot flashes.
Cognitive behavior therapy, Reflexology, Homeopathy
Supporting someone through menopause
Menopause can be associated with many physical and emotional changes for women, and this can make it a challenging and complicated time.
If you know someone who might be going through menopause or perimenopause, it’s useful for you to find out more about how you can support them. A great place to start is
The Menopause Society: https://menopause.org/
Susan Corbett APRN, CNM, MSCP