08/17/2016
Come see how Pilates fits in to the concept of variability! Your connective tissue will thank youššš
// The Specificity Paradox //
Any discussion of athlete health and overuse injury demands another look at this article from IoMās Derek Vandenbrink.
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Specificity is Variability
The specificity principle (SAID - specific adaptation to imposed demand) is a powerful concept. It tells us that if we apply a specific stress, a specific adaptation will occur in response to that stress. This sounds like an elementary principle: we impose strength training to achieve strength outcomes, cardio/endurance training to achieve cardio/endurance outcomes, and mobility training to achieve mobility outcomes. We also take it a step further to āspecificallyā apply stress to our athletes that resemble the required demands of their specific sports - we ask hockey players to perform lateral bounds to mimic the skating stride, basketball players to perform vertical jumps to mimic shooting/rebounding, and football linemen to perform every imaginable bench press to mimic the constant pushing, whether attacking or defending, that happens on the line.
On its own and on the surface, this sounds wonderful - apply the āsport specificā stress to obtain the āsport specificā outcome. And while weāre at it, letās further extrapolate this into the real world - apply a ālife specificā stress to obtain a ālife specificā outcome for the every day person whoās looking to lose weight, get stronger and otherwise feel better about their body and about themselves. This IS functional training, right?
But if we step back and think about everyday human movement and the science of training, it starts to feel as if weāre missing something very important about the specificity principle.
Consider how most parents pick up their kids - they donāt set their feet to neutral, ask the child to position themselves to their midline and then, after bracing, symmetrically load each arm as they pull the child to their non-dominant shoulder as the child stays perfectly still. What parents actually do is pay no attention to their feet, bend over to wherever their child is, grab on however they can, and lift their child to whatever position is manageable at the time. Letās also consider our athletes. No matter what sport, thereās a very good chance players do not actually perform the āspecificā movement we train them for as they react to opponents, teammates, their position on the ice/court/field, and the whereabouts of the puck/ball. The imposed demand for both the athlete and the everyday person is reactive, instinctive movement into ānon-traditionalā positions as they adjust to their environment. Itās non-repetitive. Itās different every time.
This is the paradox inherent in the specificity principle - the movement demands of sport and life are, specifically, variable.
The health and performance of the body relies on our ability to move variably, and it adapts in kind. Our soft tissues (muscle, fascia, and other connective tissues) adapt specifically to the imposed demand (Davisā Law^1), so if we want to produce strong, powerful and safe movements in variable, reactive directions then we need to stress our connective tissue variably. Our bone tissue adapts specifically to the imposed demand through biomechanical and soft-tissue loading (Wolffās Law^2), so if we want a solid, robust architecture we need to apply load variably. And letās not forget about movement skill - our motor learning, development and ability adapt specifically to the imposed demand, so if we want to produce skilled and efficient movement in variable, reactive environments then we need to move variably^3.
References:
1. Clark, MA & Lucett, SC (2010). NASMās Essentials of Corrective Exercise Training, p. 199. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2. Frost, HM (2001). From Wolff's law to the Utah paradigm: Insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications. The Anatomical Record, volume 262, p.398-419.
3. Harbourne, RT & Stergiou, N (2009). Movement variability and the use of nonlinear tools: principles to guide physical therapist practice. Physical Therapy, volume 89, p.267-282.