10/13/2025
𝗠𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗽𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗸 Columbus Day arrived as a benign celebration of exploration, but its origin in the USA is more fraught.
In 1891, a mob in New Orleans brutally lynched 11 Italian immigrants in one of the largest mass lynchings in U.S. history, fueled by xenophobia and anti-Italian sentiment.
The backlash from Italian-American communities and diplomatic outrage with Italy put pressure on US politicians.
In 1892, President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed a national celebration marking the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s voyage, in part to placate Italian-Americans and rehabilitate their image amid widespread prejudice.
Over time, that celebration evolved into Columbus Day as a federal observance.
The holiday’s origin was never truly about honoring Columbus. It was about protecting Italian immigrants from violence and prejudice, offering them a sense of dignity in a hostile America.
The irony, of course, is that the man chosen to symbolize safety from violence was himself a figure marked by conquest, enslavement, and dispossession of Indigenous peoples.
In trying to defend one community from hatred, America enshrined another man’s cruelty.
So if we want to celebrate Italian-American heritage, we can choose many more fitting heroes than Columbus. Figures from science, literature, civil rights, politics, and local community leadership offer richer and more just legacies.
One especially interesting Italian figure in America’s founding era is Filippo Mazzei, a Tuscan physician, wine grower, diplomat, and close friend of Thomas Jefferson.
Mazzei was a vocal proponent of liberty, equality, and republican government.
Some historians (and even a 1994 U.S. congressional joint resolution) credit Mazzei with influencing Jefferson’s phrase “all men are created equal.”
In 1773, Mazzei landed in Virginia with olive trees, grapevines, and Enlightenment ideals in tow.
He settled near Monticello, where he quickly befriended Thomas Jefferson. The two became intellectual companions, discussing liberty, natural rights, and the moral equality of all human beings over candlelit dinners in Jefferson’s study.
Mazzei wrote passionately that, “Tutti gli uomini sono per natura egualmente liberi e indipendenti."
𝘈𝘭𝘭 𝘮𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘣𝘺 𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘦𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘧𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘱𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘯𝘵.
Those words appeared in his 1774 essay on human liberty, and many historians believe they helped shape Jefferson’s immortal phrase in the Declaration of Independence:
“All men are created equal.”
But Mazzei didn’t stop at philosophy.
During the American Revolution, he returned to Europe as a secret agent and fundraiser for Virginia, working to secure loans, weapons, and diplomatic support from France and Italy.
He even corresponded with Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, spreading revolutionary ideas across the courts of Europe.
While Mazzei did not write the Declaration of Independence, his ideas fed into the intellectual ecosystem from which Jefferson drew.
If we’re going to honor Italian-American heritage, let’s raise a glass not to Columbus, but to Filippo Mazzei, the Italian who helped America find its founding ideals.