05/08/2025
Meningococcal Disease
Meningococcal disease is a serious bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis. It can lead to meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) or septicemia (blood infection), both of which can be life-threatening.
Signs & Symptoms:
Symptoms typically develop quickly and may include:
Meningitis:
• Sudden fever
• Severe headache
• Stiff neck
• Nausea or vomiting
• Sensitivity to light
• Confusion
• Seizures
Septicemia (meningococcemia):
• Fever and chills
• Fatigue
• Cold hands and feet
• Rapid breathing
• Purplish rash (non-blanching)
• Shock and multi-organ failure (in severe cases)
In infants: poor feeding, irritability, bulging fontanelle (soft spot), and lethargy.
Diagnosis:
• Blood tests and lumbar puncture (to test cerebrospinal fluid for bacteria)
• Rapid diagnostic tests and cultures
• PCR testing may also be used for confirmation
Treatment:
• Immediate hospitalization and IV antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone or penicillin)
• Supportive care (oxygen, fluids, etc.)
• Early treatment is crucial to reduce complications or death
Prevention:
• Vaccination is the best prevention (e.g. Menactra)
• Close contacts of a confirmed case may need antibiotic prophylaxis (e.g., rifampicin or ciprofloxacin)
• Good hygiene practices (handwashing, covering coughs/sneezes) help reduce spread
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals when possible
if you suspect you have had close contact with a person who had Meningococcus, contact your doctor immediately. Hostels and creches are a particular risk.
Meningococcal disease can progress rapidly. Early recognition and treatment are critical.
