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The Clinician

We are passionate about sharing medical and drugs knowledge in simple and easy-to-understand terms.

29/12/2025

Ati that CO who walks like he has TB. The description pts use.

29/12/2025

Ati that nurse without a body who looks like she swallowed a plastic. Patients🙄

29/12/2025

When your squad passes exams

29/12/2025

The way patients describe us on these streets. Maaaa.

19/12/2025

Paediatrics seems to be a traumatic course to many people. It seems the wind from little ones spares no one.

18/12/2025

If she says she'll be ready in 15 mins, she will be, no need to remind her every half hour

16/12/2025

✅Complications of Blood Transfusion

A blood transfusion is a common procedure in which donated blood or blood components are given to you through an intravenous line (IV). A blood transfusion is given to replace blood and blood components that may be too low. The following are some of he complications associated with BT.

•Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction(FNHR): This is the most common complication of blood transfusion. This reaction occurs due to anti-HLA antibodies (Human Leukocyte Antigen) in the recipient which kills white blood cells leading release of interlukin and cytokines which are pyrogens. Therefore, treatment given is antipyretics.

•Urticaria: This is due to IgE antibodies in plasma, therefore, antihistamines are given to control it.

•Hemolytic transfusion reaction: Due to antibodies against RBCs, this reaction is raare but it may occasionally occur due to clinical errors in pre-transfusion tests.

•Infections: Bacterial infections due to familyi
storage, hepatitis, HIV, malaria etc

•Air embolism: this happens when gas enters or a pressure grandient that allows air to enter the blood stream which subsequently occludes blood flow.

•Thrombophlebitis: a condition in which a blood clot in a vein causes pain and inflammation.

•Transfusion- Related Acute Lung Injury: this usually occurs within 6hrs after transfusion.

The Clinician

15/12/2025

About Cold Abscess

• These denote tuberculous abscess
• Most commonly arising in lymph nodes, bones or joints
• Non reacting, with no cardinal features of acute inflammation (sometimes present)

They are diagnosed by their characteristic positions where important sets of nodes are present: Eg: neck, axilla, groin.

On palpation - characteristic features of tuberculous lymphadenitis, i.e soft and matted nodes.

Cold abscess have tendency to travel to long distances along definite anatomical planes (Tracing nerve, sometimes vessels)

✅SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS

1. Blood examination
2. X-ray chest
3. Mantoux text
4. ELISA test
5. Aspiraion - culture sensitivity

✅TREATMENT OF COLD ABSCESS

1. Full Anti-tuberculosis treatment
2. Treatment for primary focus
3. For abscess itself -
i. Repeated aspiration with local instillation of INH (Isoniazid) solution
ii. Complete excision of the abscess with its wall, together with focus origin. Eg- group of nodes.

✅Differential diagnosis
•Pyogenic abscess
•Lipoma
•Cyst
•Soft tumors

The Clinician

15/12/2025

PYAEMIC/METASTATIC ABSCESS:

Pyaemic absceses, caused by infective emboli in cases of pyaemia.

Pyaemia is a condition in which infective emboli, consisting of clumps of organisms, infected clots, or vegetation, circulate in the blood stream.

(In conditions like acute osteomyelitis, infected compound fracture, acute inflammation of an intracranial sinus.)

Clinical features are multiple and non specific.

TREATMENT OF PYAEMIC ABSCESS:

I. Identify the source, if detectable
II. Antibiotics preferably choosen by culture sensitivity test.
III.Incision and drainage.

The Clinician

14/12/2025

Abscess

An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body.

There are 3 types of abscess:
1. Pyogenic abscess
2. Pyaemic abscess
3. Cold abscess

PYOGENIC ABSCESS
This is a collection of pus, resulting from infection by Pyogenic organisms.

ENTRY OF ORGANISMS:

1. Direct infection from outside due to penetrating wound
2. Local exension from adjacent focus of infection
3. Lymphatics
4. Blood stream or haematogenous

Commonest precursors of pyogenic abscess:
✓ Cellulitis
✓ Acute lymphadenitis

FATE
Tension inside the abscess cavity gradullay rises owing to exudation of plasma, and the abscess spreads along the paths of least resistance:
i. The surface of the body
ii. A hollow viscus, into which it ruptures.

CLINICAL FREATURES:

1. Features of acute inflammation are quite obvious:
Rubor (redness); dolor (pain); calor
(warmness); tumour (swelling) and
functiolaesa (loss of localised and adjacent tissue/joint function). (Commonly cellulitis occurs first which
eventually gets localised to form an abscess.)

2. Presence of pus is elected by:

I. For superficial pus - Fluctuation
II. For deep seated pus - Brawny edema, pitting under pressure, with induration
3. Fever

FEW OF THE PYOGENIC ABSCESS

1. Axillary abscess
2. Inguinal abscess
3. Popliteal abscess
4. Gluteal abscess
5. Thigh abscess
6. Deltoid abscess
7. Sole abscess / Heel abscess

Treatment in pyogenic abscess

In early cases - where pus is still to form
I. Conservative management
II. Rest and elevation of the part
III. Antibiotic cover

As presence of pus is diagnosed
I. Incision and drainage.

The Clinician

13/12/2025

About adjustment disorder...
Adjustment disorder occurs when behavioral or emotional symptoms develop after a non life-threatening event eg divorce, loss of a job or death of a loved one. It is triggered by psychosocial factors.

⚪Diagnosis
•The signs and symptoms to look out for in the diagnosis of adjustment disorder include:
•Development of emotional or behavioral symptoms within 3months in response to indefinable stressful events.
•Excessive distress in relation to the event
Significant impairment in daily functioning
•Symptoms are not those of normal bereavement
•Symptoms resolve within 6months after stressor is terminated
No criteria for another Mental illness or disorder.

⚪Treatment
•Supportive psychotherapy
•Group therapy
•If necessary, psychotherapy can target associated symptoms like insomnia and anxiey
•For prognosis, it may be chronic if stressor is recurrent or chronic.

The Clinician

12/12/2025

A Wake-up Call for Caffeine

Caffeine, an addictive chemical found in coffee, tea, colas, chocolate, and some pain relievers, acts as a stimulant in your body, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.

While moderate caffeine consumption—two or three cups of coffee per day—is not harmful, extremely high amounts can cause heart palpitations, insomnia, and anxiety.

Even moderate amounts of caffeine can cause dehydration, so it’s best to avoid caffeine containing liquids on hot days or when exercising vigorously.

Many studies have been done to see if any link exists between caffeine and heart disease, but results have been inconclusive. Moderate caffeine consumption does not appear to be harmful. If you would like to reduce your caffeine intake, do so gradually. Stopping caffeine abruptly can lead to withdrawal headaches. Start reducing your caffeine intake by mixing increasing amounts of decaffeinated coffee in with your regular brew. Substitute juice or sparkling water with a twist of lemon or lime for caffeinated sodas.

The Clinician

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Lusaka
10101

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+260956228297

Website

https://t.me/TheClinicianz

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