https://www.facebook.com/122098829480000685/

Medical Laboratory Sciences By Samuel, Lusaka (2026)

25/02/2026

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Destiny Dove Young, Walid Fikry, Bella Tilman, Ramesh Maji, Ogunfolabi Adenike, LaRhonda Askew, Rose Malatse, Elvie Espinas Elnasin, Biju Thomas, Zakariyah Hassan Ibrahim, Ong SK, Prince Rotimi Olawepo, خليل هوارين, Karyin White, Tafida Rabi'u Usman, Laxman Gyanwaly, Ozan Mik Mon, Ebraheim Refat, Ogail Eltahir, Winson King, Kalpnath Singh, ChihJen Yu, Folake Famuyiwa, Sahar Mogahed, Adu Brazil, Shankar Das Bairagi, Sandra Ukah, Yugandhar Borra, Adedinni Olasunkanmi, Sudha Darshan, Sani Umar, Halkano Abdub, Kelvin Mutila, Roy Koome, Lipenga Allan, Timothy Muriuki, Manoj Chaudhari, Barth Apis, Сарнай Жүли, Abhishek Pal, Mary Hartnett, Mujahid Abbas, Ibrahim Abdul-rauf, Rana Usama, Sumit Singh, Faju Kumbalo, Sufyan Ali, Damilola Felicia Akintola, Peter Kwok, Vincent Dauda Kallon

23/02/2026

At all costs let's not encourage patients to self medicate.

18/02/2026

MICROSCOPY CASE HIGHLIGHT: GIARDIA LAMBLIA

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine and is a common cause of diarrhoeal illness worldwide.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS :

On stool microscopy, Giardia may appear as:

✓Trophozoites (pear-shaped, bilaterally symmetrical, with two nuclei — often described as having a “face-like” appearance )

✓Cysts (oval, with multiple nuclei)
Accurate identification is key to guiding appropriate treatment and preventing ongoing transmission.

COMMON CAUSES:

Infection usually occurs through:
✓ Contaminated water
✓Poor food hygiene
✓Person-to-person spread

SYMPTOMS:

✓Persistent diarrhoea
✓Abdominal cramps
✓Bloating
✓Nausea
✓Fatigue

PREVENTION:

✓Safe drinking water.
✓proper sanitation.
✓good hand hygiene.

05/02/2026

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Ivy Jane Salcedo-Micabalo Salarda, Rohana Wijesooriya, Farah Saleem, Kemor Brooks, Doaa Gad, Rasheedat Akanni, Grant Nombwende, Mukubuta Lungowe Simbeye, Alfred Rogers, Migue Diaz, Mpangananji Stephen, Anand Gupta, Ranabrata Ghosh, Idongesit Inuk, Islem Riahi, Benjamin Chishimba Kabamba, Daniel K***a Mwewa, Glória Stefán, Deblakshmi Mandal, Thikan Olusayo, Miangul Saleem Yousafzai, Prince Asghar Ali Shaikh, B Boy Vony Kale, Benadina Juma, YaRa Yasser, David Ivah, Jargaltuya Tumurpvrew, Nagwa Yousif, M***i Abdul Rehman Kharoti, Mina Samy, Randhirsinh Parmar, Yawo Fabrice Akutsa, Ayiik Chan Peter Redeemer, DrManish Yadav, Tabita Mulapwa Kalala, Albert Ezekwe, Daka Nag, Irene Nabwire, Abasifreke Umanah, Kamal Khan, Binta Ibrahim Sa'id, Boyi S. Sanda, Muhammad Ilyas, Gordon Chongo Mutale, أحمد جعفر هاشم, Amrita Kalita, Rufa'i Rukayya, Peter Simuchimba, Mustaqeem Afridi, Lawal Kaothar Temitope

29/01/2026

✓CLIENT: M/38

✓SPECIMEN: Semen

✓ DIAGNOSIS: Severe Oligos***mia

Severe oligos***mia means a very low s***m count in semen.

a) WHAT IT MEANS (numbers)

✓ Normal s***m count: ≥ 15 million/mL

✓ Oligos***mia: < 15 million/mL

✓Severe oligos***mia: usually < 5 million/mL

b) WHY IT MATTERS

With such low numbers, the chance of natural pregnancy is reduced, but not always zero. Outcomes depend on the cause and whether treatment helps.

c) COMMON CAUSES

HORMONAL

✓Low testosterone
✓High FSH/LH (suggests testicular failure)
✓Pituitary problems

TESTICULAR FACTORS

✓ Varicocele (dilated scrotal veins)
✓ Past infections (mumps orchitis)
✓Undescended te**es
✓Trauma or surgery

GENETIC

✓Y-chromosome microdeletions
✓Klinefelter syndrome

BLOCKAGES

Partial obstruction of s***m ducts

LIFESTYLE / ENVIRONMENTAL

✓Smoking, alcohol, drugs
✓Heat exposure (tight clothing, hot baths)
✓Obesity
✓ Certain medications (chemo, some hormones)

d) HOW IT's EVALUATED

1. Repeat semen analysis (at least 2 tests, 2–3 weeks apart)
2. Hormonal tests: FSH, LH, Testosterone, Prolactin
3. Scrotal ultrasound (check for varicocele, te**is size)
4. Genetic testing (if the count is extremely low)
5. Medical history review (infections, meds, lifestyle)

e) MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

Depends on the cause 👇

TREATABLE CAUSES

✓Varicocele repair
✓Hormonal correction (when appropriate)
✓Treat infections
✓Lifestyle changes

ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

✓IVF/ICSI (often effective even with very low counts)
✓ Surgical s***m retrieval if needed

f) CAN IT IMPROVE?

Yes—sometimes. Especially if due to:
✓Varicocele
✓Hormonal imbalance
✓Lifestyle factors

Genetic or primary testicular causes are less reversible, but fertility options still exist.

28/01/2026

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! NaƉer Täj ElariFeen, Maria Elena Taiano Campoverde, Lunuwilage Indika Prabhath Ranga, Al-alawiy Alawi, Hassen Gama Juma, Hassan Suleiman Elqadiri, Agness Muwana, Mercy Chota, Ahmad Isah, Aaron Lungu, Nazeer Baba, Annie C Nkandu, Fernandá Basic, Dabalaa Solomoon, Edward Kisunte, Musesha Paul Tanasho, Hon Thandiwe Banda, Amanuel Zerihun Zerihun, Halliru Abdulmumini, Veronica J Mwale, Praveen Roy, Joseph Itoro, WaSi Khan LaNgha, Omolara Akadi, Mutale Sampa, Sagiru Abdul-aziz Rahama, Mary John, Reham Mahmoud, Ahamed Bin Omor, Aubin Payang Vounfèné, Alexander T Bopoto, Diriba K Kumsa, Jean Baptiste JS Mickenly, Mohammed Adamu Beni, Ibrahim Garba Fagge, Omnya Khalil, Makwaya Makeleja, Ramesh Korishetti, Khalid Khilji, Borga Wan, Towobola Muftau Binti Laye, Firdous Ahmad, Modester Chinenye Onwe, Dickson James Fanwie, Trust Mweendo, Khadar Cabdi Axmed, Longwe Nixon FS, Menna Adham, Jasmine Moses, Peter Chalwe

22/01/2026

Specimen: Urine

Name the organism..

21/01/2026

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Lombe Garry JR, Irshad Ahmed, Bwalya Katala, Ma Ethan, Lumbiwe Sandra Chiboko, Ö Ju Läri, Chris Ben, Bern Ard, Sattar Khan Chohan, Bridget Bwalya, Rhodie Ziah Mseteka, Chongo Chongo, Blessings Thole, Kahosa Nyawaya, Mohamed Mukeh Rogers, Utalifile Matanda, Maxwell Kp Destiny I, Mubiana Kaumba, Bilyaminu Yahuza Ahmad, Addisu Anteneh, BJ Jakason Haruna, Mukukah Nachie, Litebele Pumulo Lishimbo, Kedir Kufa, Mwaka Mulungu, Samson Mwanza, Mubashir Hassan, Prabhakar Parde, Faith Oguguo, Eman Ali Amin, Yekatit Yemediye, Ireen Niamwiza, Amie Bah, Bewafa Humsafar, Lyne Tte, Edward Phiri, Ayantu Fikadu, Precious Bubala, Rita Mwelepete

10/01/2026

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Lamya Kandela, Collins Stanelys Mwangi, Benjamin Kapaipi, Soma Shekar, Edwin Muyunda Sitwala Jnr, Annie E Simoonga, Brie Chishimba, Cyprian Chama, Taha Hamid Majid, Shawa MK Elizabeth, Gilbert Hachoongo, Bwalya G K***a Jr., Tada Imana, Agness Muloboka, Jonas Chibwe Bunda, Basmala Ķĥattab, Ćøśmaś Jr Mwanzâ, Babai Assana, Pathias Ponds, Muzele Manda, Tsegay Hayleslase, Bìzwêll Zm, Mirriam Munyama, Girma Chalkeba Gadefa, M-Zambia Mucho, Wudie Yirsaw, Moo'ii Boon, Winstone Katanga, Queen Rashidat Ozavize, Agnes Chebitok, Gloria Ngulube, Muskan Ch, Emmanuel Zimba, Konda Litsø, Patience Chola, Gràçé Múléñq, Saida Banda, Wamae Wanjohi, Michael Chisala, Kashî Mbô, Itz Miyoba, Princess Eashert Adam, Veronica Vee Sibungu, Cristine Sijan, Taonga Mwale, Prudence Mumba, Isaac Mēk, Mwila Kasonde, Emmanuel Mambo, Aliwark J Banda

31/12/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Cliff Chisuwo Mathews Muchindu Gill Metcalfe Alaa Omar Jairous Roil Toil Jerry Chali Elizabeth Levy Kachinka Elina Nankonde Treyvin Mcquard Bizwell Chiko Patience Musute Mercy Sakuwaha Gift Nanyangwe Boy Dee Harrison M Prince Nomsa Chuuma Samalumo Ben Chewe Etoul Malilwe Veronica Kondwani Banda Israel Muloloma Martin M Nunez Hãdjã Møry Sãngãré Abdulbaseer Saeedi Peter Mwanza Chris Tine Carol Ndhlovu Jonathan Frank Rose Kupila Daniel Chunga Kutemba Kakoma Aminu Abdullahi Alassan Abiola Simango Sheriff Swana Saw Yan Naing Mwansa Claudette Nkonde Mahuba Zippo Chaambwa Chanda Abigail Rhony Purity Namakala Mwaanga Falmata Bulama Tijjani Valentine Murila Linda Musyoka Fari Khan Amm Selemun Tenseayes Ypizzo Mw Nchimunya Mulenga Ty Lïêr ẞhåw Vanessa Chisenga Monisha Felix Mariê Mukêndwa

20/10/2025

LABORATORY SPECIMEN SUBMISSION

Submitting the correct amount or volume of a specimen for laboratory testing is crucial for ensuring accurate and reliable results. Too little might mean the lab can't perform all necessary tests, while too much can sometimes be unnecessary or make handling difficult.

GENERAL GUIDE ON APPROPRIATE SPECIMEN AMOUNTS, DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ROUTINE AND MORE COMPLEX TESTS.

Always refer to specific instructions from your healthcare provider or the laboratory, as requirements can vary!

1. STOOL (F***S) SPECIMENS

Stool samples are vital for diagnosing digestive issues, infections, and other conditions.

FOR ROUTINE EXAMINATION (e.g., Occult Blood, Ova & Parasites, Culture):

✓ AMOUNT: Typically, a walnut-sized portion (about 2-5 grams) is sufficient. If using a collection kit, there will often be a designated fill line or scoop.

✓ METHOD: Collect from different parts of the stool (top, middle, and end) to get a representative sample. Avoid mixing with urine or toilet water.

✓WHY: This amount provides enough material for microscopic examination, chemical tests, and culture without being excessive.

FOR COMPLEX/SPECIALIZED TESTS (e.g., Quantitative F***l Fat, Elastase):

✓ AMOUNT: These tests often require larger, sometimes timed, collections. For example, a 24- or 72-hour f***l fat test requires all stool passed during that period.

✓ METHOD: You'll be provided with special containers and detailed instructions for collecting every bowel movement over the specified time.

✓WHY: These tests measure total output or specific components over time, requiring a comprehensive collection to be accurate.

2. URINE SPECIMENS

Urine samples are incredibly versatile for detecting kidney disease, UTIs, metabolic disorders, and more.

FOR ROUTINE URINALYSIS (UA) & Culture:

✓ VOLUME: 30-60 mL (about 2-4 tablespoons) is generally ideal. Some labs can work with less (e.g., 10-20 mL) if needed.

✓ METHOD: A "mid-stream clean catch" is usually required to avoid contamination. Collect the urine into a sterile container.

✓ WHY: This volume allows for chemical strip testing, microscopic examination of sediment, and microbial culture if indicated.

FOR COMPLEX/SPECIALIZED TESTS:

a) 24-HOUR URINE COLLECTION (e.g., Creatinine Clearance, Protein, Cortisol):

✓ VOLUME: This requires collecting all urine passed over a full 24-hour period. You will be given a large container (typically 2-4 liters capacity), sometimes containing a preservative.

✓ METHOD: You start by emptying your bladder and discarding that first urine. Then, for the next 24 hours, you collect every drop of urine passed into the provided container. At the exact 24-hour mark, you empty your bladder one last time into the container.

✓ WHY: These tests measure how much of a substance your kidneys process or excrete over an entire day, requiring a complete collection for accurate calculations and diagnoses.

b) FIRST MORNING URINE (e.g., for specific protein markers, pregnancy tests):

✓ VOLUME: Usually 30-60 mL.

✓METHOD: Collect the very first urine you pass upon waking.

✓ WHY: This urine is typically more concentrated, making it ideal for detecting substances that might be diluted later in the day.

c) POST-PRANDIAL URINE (e.g., Glucose):

✓ VOLUME: Typically 30-60 mL.

✓ METHOD: Collected a specific time after a meal (e.g., 2 hours).

✓ WHY: Used to assess how the body handles substances like glucose after food intake.

KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR ALL SPECIMENS

a) Read Instructions Carefully: Always prioritize the specific instructions given by your doctor or the lab.
b) Use Provided Containers: Labs provide sterile, appropriate containers for a reason.
c) Label Clearly: Ensure your name, date, and time of collection are clearly written on the container.
d) Store Correctly: Follow guidance on refrigeration or special handling to maintain specimen integrity.
e) Ask Questions: If anything is unclear, don't hesitate to ask your healthcare provider or the laboratory staff for clarification.

By taking a moment to understand and follow collection guidelines, you play a vital role in ensuring the accuracy of your diagnostic tests and supporting effective healthcare!

Douglas J Moyo Dickson Sandala Health Workers Connect Health Professions Council of Zambia - HPCZ Ministry of Health Zambia Dr. Mujajati Aaron

Medical Laboratory Sciences By Samuel

25/02/2026

23/02/2026

18/02/2026

05/02/2026

29/01/2026

28/01/2026

22/01/2026

21/01/2026

10/01/2026

31/12/2025

20/10/2025

Address

Telephone

Website

Alerts

Contact The Practice

Shortcuts

Share