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31/03/2026

Ati it was God but ninshi walekopelafye....vaziii🤤

GENERAL NURSING CARE PLANBy Chipo James MaindaIDENTIFIED PROBLEMS ACCORDING TO THE SYSTEM AFFECTED. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYST...
31/03/2026

GENERAL NURSING CARE PLAN

By Chipo James Mainda

IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS ACCORDING TO THE SYSTEM AFFECTED.



MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

The musculoskeletal system is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Its primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs.

Apply these identified problems to any condition affecting the musculoskeletal system such as fractures, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and some post operative procedures such as amputation etc.

1. Impaired physical mobility
2. Impaired skin integrity
3. Disturbed body image
4. Self care deficit
5. Joint pain
Others:
6. Situational low self-esteem
7. Knowledge deficit
8. Risk for injury
9. Risk for infection
10. Risk for innefective tissue perfusion

30/03/2026

Some class reps also.....Imagine ku college kalelemba ama noise makers🤔

DEFILEMENTBy Chipo James Mainda.Defilement is having s*xual in*******se with a person (this includes both boys and girls...
30/03/2026

DEFILEMENT

By Chipo James Mainda.

Defilement is having s*xual in*******se with a person (this includes both boys and girls) under the age of 16 years and doesn't matter whether the person has given consent or not. The major determinant in defilement is age. It must be noted that defilement is a form of s*xual child abuse, which include those acts where a caregiver uses a child below the age of 16 years for s*xual gratification.

Some of the contributing factors to defilement include the following:
1. Indecent dressing and inappropriate behavior. For example small girls patronizing night clubs and drinking alcohol while implicitly dressed.
2. S*x boosters or libido inhancers.
3. S*xual perversity. A situation where those that are involved have no control over their s*xual desires due to s*x booster drugs for example, take advantage of young children left in their care and abuse them s*xually.
4. Customary marriages. Where girls are married off at a tender age due to poverty
5. Quest for wealth, due to a belief that s*x with children can bring about success in business...
6. Belief that having s*x with a minor can cure HIV/AIDS
7. Variation of culture to culture, for example child s*xual cleansing. This occur in a case where a widow or widower has s*x with a child to obtain cleansing and wade off the ghost of the deceased spouse from causing trouble.
8. Watching pornographic videos.
9. Lack of parental care, and etc

Though the child may not speak about abuse, they may nevertheless communicate that something significant and disturbing had happened to them in a non verbal communication.

Defilement can bring about severe effects such as s*xual aversion disorders, fractures and disability, death, su***de, HIV/AIDS, depression, mental retardation and so on.

For more, join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

So far, I have taught the following courses:REGISTERED NURSING DIPLOMA1. Paediatrics2. Medicine3. Surgery4. Integrated R...
29/03/2026

So far, I have taught the following courses:

REGISTERED NURSING DIPLOMA

1. Paediatrics
2. Medicine
3. Surgery
4. Integrated Reproductive Health
5. Mental health
6. Leadership
7. Anatomy and physiology
8. Microbiology
9. Public Health Nursing
10. Health Communication

CRITICAL CARE NURSING ADVANCED DIPLOMA

1. ACCN1
2. ACCN2
3. Leadership
4. Pharmacology

BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

1. Adult Medical and surgical nursing
2. Leadership Management and Governance
3. Public health
4. Nursing Education
5. General and Systemic Pathology and Microbiology
6. Microbiology
7. Virology
8. Immunology
9. Parasitology
10. Anatomy
11. Physiological
12. Biochemistry
13. Communication, Professionalism and Student Support
14. Biostatistics
15. Research
16. Epidemiology

Which course (s) where you/been taught by Mr. Mainda?

TRACHOMABy Chipo James Mainda.Trachoma is one of the neglected bacterial Infectious disease of the eye and the second le...
29/03/2026

TRACHOMA

By Chipo James Mainda.

Trachoma is one of the neglected bacterial Infectious disease of the eye and the second leading infectious cause of preventable blindness worldwide. It is found mostly in poverty stricken areas of the world like developing countries including Zambia. The Infection can be acquired in childhood and in places where people are crowded with poor environmental hygiene conditions which attract flies as they are among the important factors in the transmission of the disease.

Trachoma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the eye caused by chlamydia trachomatis in which fibrous tissue forms in the conjunctiva and the cornea leading to eyelid deformity and possibly blindness. It's incubation period is between 5-12days.

The spread of this condition is by transference of conjunctiva secretion by such means as finger, sharing towels and above all flies when there is presence of a lot of discharge. The source of infection is an infected person while the mode of transmission include the following:
* Flies, common mode of transmission.
* Fingers
* Formites
* Families

The World Health Organization (WHO) trachoma grading include:
1. Trachomatous follicular
2. Trachomatous intense
3. Trachomatous scaring
4. Trachomatous trichiasis
5. Corneal opacity

The WHO adopted a strategy called 'SAFE' on management of trachoma which has four major aspects of trachoma control as follows:
* S - Surgery
* A - Antibiotics
* F - Facial cleanliness
* E - Environment.

For more, join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

UTERINE INVERSIONBy Chipo James MaindaUterine inversion (inverted uterus) is a rare emergency complication during childb...
28/03/2026

UTERINE INVERSION

By Chipo James Mainda

Uterine inversion (inverted uterus) is a rare emergency complication during childbirth where the uterus turns partially or completely inside out. With healthy deliveries, the baby exits the uterus and travels through the va**nal ca**l to be born.

Shortly after, the placenta will be delivered, an organ that allows you to share nutrients with your baby during pregnancy. The placenta is called “afterbirth” once it leaves the woman's body. The uterus maintains its shape throughout delivery. With uterine inversion, the top part of the uterus collapses inside the uterine cavity.

It may even turn inside-out and extend outside the va**na. When this happens, severe blood loss, shock and death can follow.

There are four classifications of uterine inversion, depending on how inside out the uterus is and the extent that it projects onto other organs:
* 1st degree (incomplete): The top of the uterus has collapsed inside the uterine cavity.
* 2nd degree (complete): The top part of the uterus folds into the opening of the uterus (cervix), like a sock that is turned inside out.
* 3rd degree (pr*****ed): The top part of the uterus enters the deepest part of the va**nal ca**l.
* 4th degree (total): Both the uterus and va**na protrude outside the body.
The majority of people with uterine inversion fall into the 2nd or 3rd-degree categories.

Not enough evidence exists to know for sure what causes an inverted uterus. A popular theory is that the uterus may invert if the nurse tugs on the umbilical cord too hard when trying to deliver the placenta. This isn’t an error on the nurse’s part.

Instead, it’s one of many complications that can occur during delivery. The midwife/nurse may pull on the umbilical cord, the organ that connects the baby to the placenta, while placing gentle pressure on the abdomen to coax the placenta out.

This is a delivery method called the Crede maneuver. This process is more likely to cause the uterus to invert if:
* The placenta has implanted on the top of your uterus (fundal placental implantation).
* The uterus doesn’t contract after delivery (uterine atony)

It’s hard to prove this theory, though, because uterine inversion has taken place outside these conditions. Also, delivery methods like the Crede maneuver are common and rarely lead to uterine inversion. Uterine inversion can cause severe blood loss and shock.

Symptoms will vary, depending on how extreme the inversion is:
* Vaginal bleeding that may be mild or severe.
* Pain in the lower abdomen and a feeling of downward pressure.
* A smooth, round mass bulging from the va**na.
* Dropping blood pressure.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUMBy Chipo James MaindaIt’s common to experience morning sickness (nausea) during pregnancy. This co...
27/03/2026

HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM

By Chipo James Mainda

It’s common to experience morning sickness (nausea) during pregnancy. This condition is generally harmless. While morning sickness can be quite uncomfortable, it typically goes away within 12 weeks.
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is an extreme form of morning sickness that causes severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It often requires hospital treatment.

MORNING SICKNESS Vs HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM

Morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum are very different conditions. They have different complications and side effects. It’s important to distinguish between these two conditions to properly treat symptoms.

• Morning sickness

Morning sickness typically includes nausea that’s sometimes accompanied by vomiting. Nausea is common in pregnancy. Up to 90% of pregnant women experience it. With morning sickness, nausea and vomiting usually disappear after 12 weeks of pregnancy but sometimes continue until 20 weeks or longer. The vomiting doesn’t cause severe dehydration.

Morning sickness typically begins in the first month of pregnancy. It usually goes away by the third or fourth month. People with morning sickness can get fatigue and a slight loss of appetite. They may have difficulty performing their usual daily activities.

• Hyperemesis gravidarum

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a rarer condition, happening in only about 0.5-2% of pregnancies. It typically includes nausea that doesn’t go away and severe vomiting that leads to dehydration. This doesn’t allow you to keep any food or fluids down.

The symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum typically begin within the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum can be extremely debilitating and cause fatigue that lasts for weeks or months. People with hyperemesis gravidarum may not be able to work or perform their normal daily activities.

Hyperemesis gravidarum can lead to dehydration and poor weight gain during pregnancy. There’s no known way to prevent morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum, but there are ways to manage the symptoms.

Almost all pregnant people experience some degree of morning sickness. Morning sickness is nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Despite the name, morning sickness isn’t confined to the morning. It can occur at any time.

Morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum seem to have a connection to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This is a hormone created during pregnancy by the placenta.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

26/03/2026

What was the craziest spelling you forgot in an exam hall?

A**L FISSUREBy Chipo James MaindaAn a**l fissure is a small cut or tear in the lining of the a**s. The crack in the skin...
26/03/2026

A**L FISSURE

By Chipo James Mainda

An a**l fissure is a small cut or tear in the lining of the a**s. The crack in the skin causes severe pain and some bright red bleeding during and after bowel movements. At times, the fissure can be deep enough to expose the muscle tissue underneath.

Certain treatments can promote healing and help relieve discomfort, including stool softeners and topical pain relievers. In most cases, the tear heals on its own. In cases where the fissure persists beyond 6 weeks, it’s considered chronic.

If an a**l fissure doesn’t improve with these treatments, you may need surgery. Or your doctor may need to look for other underlying disorders that can cause a**l fissures.

An a**l fissure most often occurs when passing large or hard stools. Chronic constipation or frequent diarrhea can also tear the skin around the a**s.
However, not all a**l fissures are a sign of low-fiber diets and constipation. Poorly healing fissures or those located in a position other than the posterior and midline portion of the a**s may indicate an underlying condition.

Other causes include:
* Straining during childbirth or bowel movements
* Having inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease
* Having decreased blood flow to the anorectal area
* Having overly tight or spastic a**l sphincter muscles
* Engaging in a**l s*x
* Inserting objects into the a**s

An a**l fissure may cause one or more of the following symptoms:
* A visible tear in the skin around your a**s
* A skin tag, or small lump of skin, next to the tear
* Sharp pain in the a**l area during bowel movements
* Streaks of blood on stools or on toilet paper after wiping
* Burning or itching in the a**l area

Most a**l fissures don’t require extensive treatment. However, certain home remedies can help promote healing and relieve uncomfortable symptoms. You can treat an a**l fissure at home by:

* Using over-the-counter stool softeners
* Drinking more fluids to stay hydrated and improve digestion
* Taking fiber supplements and eating more fibrous foods
* Taking a sitz bath to relax the a**l muscles, relieve irritation, and increase blood flow to the anorectal area
* Applying topical pain relievers, such as lidocaine, to the a**s to ease discomfort

If the symptoms persist after trying home remedies, you should consult your doctor, who may recommend further treatments. A calcium channel blocker ointment can relax the sphincter muscles and allow the a**l fissure to heal.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

CROHN'S DISEASEBy Chipo James MaindaCrohn’s disease, also called regional enteritis or ileitis, is a lifelong form of in...
25/03/2026

CROHN'S DISEASE

By Chipo James Mainda

Crohn’s disease, also called regional enteritis or ileitis, is a lifelong form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The condition inflames and irritates the digestive tract, specifically the small and large intestines. Crohn’s disease can cause diarrhea and stomach cramps.

The exact cause of Crohn's disease remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now doctors know that these factors may aggravate, but don't cause, Crohn's disease. Several factors likely play a role in its development.

* Immune system. It's possible that a virus or bacterium may trigger Crohn's disease; however, scientists have yet to identify such a trigger. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading microorganism or environmental triggers, an atypical immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract, too.

* Heredity. Crohn's disease is more common in people who have family members with the disease, so genes may play a role in making people more likely to have it. However, most people with Crohn's disease do not have a family history of the disease.

* Smoking: Cigarette smoking could as much as double your risk of Crohn’s disease.

Crohn’s disease can affect different sections of the digestive tract. Types of Crohn’s disease include:
* Ileocolitis: Inflammation occurs in the small intestine and part of the large intestine, or colon. Ileocolitis is the most common type of Crohn’s disease.
* Ileitis: Swelling and inflammation develop in the small intestine (ileum).
* Gastroduodenal: Inflammation and irritation affect the stomach and the top of the small intestine (the duodenum).
* Jejunoileitis: Patchy areas of inflammation develop in the upper half of the small intestine (called the jejunum).

People with Crohn’s disease can experience periods of severe symptoms (flare-ups) followed by periods of no or very mild symptoms (remission). Remission can last weeks or even years.

There’s no way to predict when flare-ups will happen.
* Abdominal pain
* A feeling of fullness
* Fever
* A loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Abnormal skin tags (usually on the buttocks)
* A**l fissures
* A**l fistulas
* Re**al bleeding

Treatment for Crohn’s disease varies depending on what’s causing your symptoms and how severe they are for you. These drugs may include antibiotics, antidiarrheal, corticosteroids, and surgery.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

24/03/2026

What course are you struggling with the most?

Address

Ndola
0977353901

Opening Hours

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Tuesday 08:00 - 21:00
Wednesday 08:00 - 21:00
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Telephone

+260977353901

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