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SOMATOFORM DISORDERBy Chipo James MaindaSomatoform disorder, also known as somatic symptom disorder (SSD) or psychosomat...
21/10/2025

SOMATOFORM DISORDER

By Chipo James Mainda

Somatoform disorder, also known as somatic symptom disorder (SSD) or psychosomatic disorder, is a mental health condition that causes an individual to experience physical bodily symptoms in response to psychological distress.
Somatoform disorders are a set of psychological conditions where a person experiences bodily symptoms that cannot be accounted for by a medical or neurological diagnosis. Symptoms can range in severity from mild and infrequent to chronic and severe and are out of the individual’s conscious control.

The symptoms may or may not be traceable to a physical cause including general medical conditions, other mental illnesses, or substance abuse. But regardless, they cause excessive and disproportionate levels of distress. The symptoms can involve one or more different organs and body systems, such as:
* Pain
* Neurologic problems
* Gastrointestinal complaints

Many people who have somatoform disorder will also have an anxiety disorder. People with somatoform disorder are not faking their symptoms. The distress they experience from pain and other problems they experience are real, regardless of whether or not a physical explanation can be found. And the distress from symptoms significantly affects daily functioning.

The exact cause of somatic symptom disorder isn't clear, but any of these factors may play a role:
* Genetic and biological factors
* Family influence, which may be genetic or environmental, or both
* Personality trait of negativity, which can impact how you identify and perceive illness and bodily symptoms
* Decreased awareness of or problems processing emotions, causing physical symptoms to become the focus rather than the emotional issues
* Learned behavior, for example, the attention or other benefits gained from having an illness; or "pain behaviors" in response to symptoms, such as excessive avoidance of activity, which can increase your level of disability

Five forms of somatoform disorders include;
* Somatisation disorder
* Hypochondriasis
* Conversion disorder
* Body dysmorphic disorder
* Pain disorder

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20/10/2025

2026 Intake BScN UNZA IDE👇

Public health nurses contribute to systems for monitoring crucial health status indicators such as environmentally cause...
20/10/2025

Public health nurses contribute to systems for monitoring crucial health status indicators such as environmentally caused illnesses, immunization levels, infant mortality rates, and communicable disease occurrence, in order to identify problems that threaten the public's health and develop effective interventions.

19/10/2025

Tell us your experience working in Theater?

FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEARTBy Chipo James MaindaBlood flows through the heart, lungs and body in a series of steps. ...
17/10/2025

FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART

By Chipo James Mainda

Blood flows through the heart, lungs and body in a series of steps. After delivering oxygen and nutrients to all body organs and tissues, blood enters the heart and flows to the lungs to gain oxygen and get rid of waste. It then flows back to the heart, which pumps the refreshed blood out through the aorta to nourish the body again.

You need continuous blood flow through your heart and body to stay alive. The heart is a powerful muscle that pumps oxygen-rich blood out to body. Once it leaves the heart, this blood flows through many blood vessels to reach every part of the body, from the major organs (like the brain) to the smallest tissues at the tips of the toes.

Blood is always on the go, and it has two main jobs while it’s flowing through the body:
* It delivers oxygen and nutrients to all body organs and tissues.
* It removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from those same places.

The right and left sides of the heart work together to make sure blood flows throughout the whole body. Blood flows through the heart in a series of steps. These steps take place in the space of one heartbeat, just a second or two.

The whole process begins when oxygen-poor blood from all over the body enters the right atrium through two large veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava). These veins drain blood from the upper body and lower body, respectively, and directly empty it into the right atrium.

Then, the tricuspid valve opens to let oxygen-poor blood travel from the right atrium to the right ventricle. When the right ventricle is full it squeezes, which closes the tricuspid valve and opens the pulmonary valve.

Thereafter, blood flows through the main pulmonary artery and its branches to the lungs, where it gets oxygen and releases carbon dioxide through a process called gaseous exchange.

From the lungs oxygen-rich blood travels to the left atrium through large veins called pulmonary veins. These veins directly empty the blood into the left atrium. In response, the mitral valve opens to send blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

When the left ventricle is full it squeezes, which closes the mitral valve and opens the aortic valve. Then the heart sends blood through the aortic valve to the aorta, where it flows to the rest of the body. The first aortic branches are the coronary arteries, which nourish the heart muscle.

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16/10/2025

Be assured that you have found the RIGHT PAGE!

16/10/2025

Jealous is poison. Just enjoy what you have

15/10/2025

Overexcitment can land you in trouble at times

URINE FORMATIONBy Chipo James MaindaThe urinary system consist of the two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder and ...
15/10/2025

URINE FORMATION

By Chipo James Mainda

The urinary system consist of the two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder and one urethra.

The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped, reddish brown organs. The kidney measures 11cm long, 6cm wide, 3cm thick and weighs about 150g. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney due to the liver.

The kidneys are one of the vital organs that one can not survive without. The functions includes;
1. Removes metabolic waste products and foreign substances from the blood.
2. Secretes urine.
3. Maintains normal blood pressure by removing excess fluid from the blood.
4. Secretion of enzymes and hormones for example erythropoietin hormone which stimulate the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Regulates blood PH by excreting hydrogen ions. Etc

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit (engine) of the kidney. This is where urine formation occurs.The kidneys form urine which passes through the ureters to the urinary bladder for storage prior excretion. There are three processes involved in the urine formation;
* Filtration
* Selective reabsorption
* Secretion

Filtration: Is the first stage and takes place in glomerulus and bowmans capsule. In this stage blood coming to kidneys is filtered where excess water, urea, salt and other small molecules pass through the semipermeable membrane. Sometimes low amount glucose is filtered also into the glomerular capsule.

During selective reabsorption: 99% of the fluids and other nutrients like the glucose that was filtered are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream from the renal tubes.

Secretion: is the last stage in the process of urine formation. Filtration occurs as blood flows in the glomerulus and substance not required by the body is removed from the blood in urine. Such substances include urea,uric acid, creatinine, sodium, water, sulphate and etc..
The formed urine in the kidneys is then drained into the urinary bladder thereafter excreted from the body through the urethra.

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CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTBy Chipo James Mainda.Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) commonly known as stroke, is a sudden condi...
14/10/2025

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT

By Chipo James Mainda.

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) commonly known as stroke, is a sudden condition of the central nervous system in which there is impairment of cerebral blood circulation in one or more of the blood vessels supplying the brain, usually due to a thrombus, embolism and or bleeding characterized by sudden loss of consciousness and paralysis.

Normally, the brain is supplied with oxygenated blood from two major pairs of arteries called the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries which form the circle of willis in the brain. The brain must receive a steady supply of nutrients and oxygen from the blood because it has no capacity to store either oxygen or glucose.

Cerebrovascular accident may be caused by either of the following; a cerebral thrombus (blood clot), cerebral embolism and or cerebral bleeding. However, the most common cause is blockage of the artery supplying the brain with oxygenated blood by a cerebral thrombus or atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis may disrupt the blood supply to the brain by narrowing the lumen of the blood vessel, or by causing formation of blood clots within the blood vessels which may then break off, enter the cerebral circulation, then lodge in and occlude brain blood vessels.

Due to this, brain tissue ceases to function if deprived of oxygen for more than 60 to 90 seconds and after a few hours, will suffer irreversible injury possibly leading to death of the brain tissue.

This causes sudden loss of consciousness, mental disturbances, seizures, loss of speech, visual impairment etc and if left untreated, complications may occur such as paralysis.

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13/10/2025

Critical Care Nursing Lessons are ongoing

When your village people don't want you to graduate.
12/10/2025

When your village people don't want you to graduate.

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