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Cervical dilation
08/12/2025

Cervical dilation

07/12/2025

Bachelor of Science in Nursing Tuition Fees

K250 (for all the 7 courses)
1. Anatomy
2. Physiology
3. Biochemistry
4. General and systemic pathology
5. Microbiology
6. Parasitology
7. Immunology

K250 (for both courses)
1. Adult medical surgical nursing
2. Communication, Professionalism and Student Support

K250 (for all the 3 courses)
1. Biostatistics
2. Epidemiology
3. Research

K250 (for all the 3 courses)
1. Leadership Management and governance practice
2. Public health
3. Nursing education

Send us a message on WhatsApp 0977353901 to join the group

07/12/2025

Ninshi exam ya this year iletinisha? 😭😭

Meet Pakkirappa from India, who has been eating bricks, mud, and gravel for 30 YEARS. His condition is called PICA - a r...
06/12/2025

Meet Pakkirappa from India, who has been eating bricks, mud, and gravel for 30 YEARS.

His condition is called PICA - a rare psychological disorder that creates intense cravings for non-food items. While his mother begs him to stop, he keeps going, saying his teeth are still strong enough to chew the hardest stones.

Now, he dreams of turning his unusual ability into a way to support himself, hoping to travel across India and perform for audiences.

06/12/2025

All the best team
Yours is SUCCESS 💯

PORTAL HYPERTENSIONBy Chipo James MaindaThe liver is the largest gland in the body. It weighs between 1-2.3kg. It is sit...
05/12/2025

PORTAL HYPERTENSION

By Chipo James Mainda

The liver is the largest gland in the body. It weighs between 1-2.3kg. It is situated largely in the upper right hypochondriac region, part of the epigastric and left hypochondriac region. Functions of the liver include;
* Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
* Breakdown of old red blood cells.
* Defence against microbes.
* Detoxification of drugs and noxious substances such as alcohol.
* Production of heat.
* Production of bile, etc.

Portal hypertension is a chronic condition of the accessory organ of the digestive system, the liver, in which there is sustained elevation or an increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system (which are veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas merge into the portal vein, which then branches into smaller vessels and travels through the liver) for more than 12mmHg, usually due to liver cirrhosis, characterized by esophageal varices and splenomegaly.

If the blood vessels in the liver are blocked due to liver damage, blood can not flow properly through the liver. As a result, high blood pressure in the portal system develops. This increased pressure in the portal vein may lead to backflow of blood resulting in development of large, swollen veins (varices) within the esophagus, stomach, re**um, or umbilical area. Varices can rupture in severe cases and bleed, resulting in potentially life threatening complications. The normal blood pressure in the portal venous circulation is 8-12mmHg.

Increased resistance of portal flow of blood may develop in different circumstances, these causes can be divided into;
* Prehepatic causes, which follows an obstruction or narrowing of the portal vein before entering the liver.
* Intrahepatic causes, which is damage to the liver itself. This account for most cases of portal hypertension.
* Post hepatic causes, which is obstruction occurs at any level between the liver and right side of the heart

The signs and symptoms include the following: ascites, splenomegaly, esophageal varices, caput medusae, hematemesis, melena, oedema of the lower limbs. Medical therapy of bleeding esophageal or gastric varices may be instituted once the cause of hemorrhage is documented to be variceal in origin. Drug treatment is aimed at reducing portal blood flow such as use of nonselective beta blockers, vasopressin etc

For more join our daily online lessons on Whatsapp 0977353901.

The Road To Success In Mental Health 3rd Ed. pamphlet is now available
03/12/2025


The Road To Success In Mental Health 3rd Ed. pamphlet is now available

DIGESTION OF PROTEINSBy Chipo James MaindaFor BSc studentsProteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical ...
03/12/2025

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS

By Chipo James Mainda

For BSc students

Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains.

Digestion of proteins starts in stomach. When foods containing proteins enter the stomach, it stimulates the secretion of the hormone Gastrin. This Gastrin, in turn stimulates the release of gastric juice, which contain;
* Hydrochloric acid
* Pepsinogen
* Renin

Renin is active in infants and absent in adult stomach. It is therefore important for milk digestion.
Hydrochloric acid convert pepsinogen (which is a zymogen/inactive) to pepsin (active), so proteins can be digested. About 20% of proteins is digested in stomach.

Complete protein digestion occurs in the small intestine, mainly duodenum, whereas ileum is for absorption. When the stomach empties it's acidic chyme into the duodenum, the acid stimulate release of secretin hormone which in turn stimulates the release of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate to neutralize the acid.

Protein digestion completely requires pancreatic enzymes and intestinal enzymes. Cholecystokinin (CCK) released from intestine by acid chyme is the one that specifically lead to the secretion of pancreatic enzymes for protein digestion. Pancreatic enzymes may be:
* Endopeptidases
* Exopeptidases

Endopeptidases breaks down interior peptide bonds of proteins such as Trypsin, Chemotrypsin and Elastases.
Exopeptidases breakdown terminal peptide bonds e.g Carboxypeptidase A/B.
Note that: pancreatic enzymes are released as zymogen/inactive. Pancreatic zymogen enzymes get activated by Enterokinase intestinal enzyme into active form. Specifically, Enterokinase activates Trypsinogen (inactive) into Trypsin (active).

The active Trypsin then activates all the other enzymes of pancreas;
* Chemotrypsinogen to Chemotrypsin
* Proelastases to Elastases
* Procarboxypeptidase to Carboxypeptidase.
These enzymes together with intestinal enzymes such as aminopeptidase and dipeptidase breakdown simple peptides to amino acids for absorption. Proteins can be absorbed as Tripeptides, Dipeptides, and Amino acids by secondary active transport in the ileum.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

Join our online learning group BScNRNCritical Care Nursing
02/12/2025

Join our online learning group
BScN
RN
Critical Care Nursing

02/12/2025

The total length of blood vessels in a human body is approximately 96,000 Km, which is enough to circle the Earth more than twice.

Just fantastic
01/12/2025

Just fantastic

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATESBy Chipo James MaindaFor BSc studentsCarbohydrates are essential type of macron...
01/12/2025

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

By Chipo James Mainda

For BSc students

Carbohydrates are essential type of macronutrients found in certain foods and drinks that your body turns into glucose to give you the energy to function. Sugars, starches and fiber are carbohydrates. Other macronutrients include fat and protein. Your body needs these macronutrients to stay healthy.

DIGESTION

After you eat foods containing carbohydrates, digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth using salivary amylase enzyme. This enzyme partially breaks down carbohydrates into maltose. Food transit time in the mouth is very short hence little time to digest carbohydrates and that only 5% of starch is broken in the mouth.
Next, food is swallowed. In the stomach, salivary amylase get inactivated due to acidic environment of the stomach hence only the salivary amylase in the interior of the food bolus away from acids continue to partially digest starch.

Note that complete digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the intestines (duodenum). When the stomach empties it's acidic chyme in the duodenum, the acid stimulate secretin hormone from duodenal mucosa to release pancreatic bicarbonate in order to neutralize the acid. Other than that, pancreatic amylase is released which breaks down starch further into disaccharides.

Carbohydrates are only absorbed in form of monosaccharides. Therefore, complete digestion of carbohydrates is achieved by GIT intestinal mucosa enzymes that breaks down various disaccharides into monosaccharides such as:
* Lactose (disaccharide) is brokendown to Glucose + Galactose (monosaccharides) using Lactase enzyme.
* Maltose is brokendown to Glucose + Glucose via Maltase enzyme.
* Sucrose is brokendown to Glucose + Fructose via Sucrase enzyme.

ABSORPTION

Glucose is absorbed from GIT lumen into epithelial cells by Sodium Dependent Glucose Transporter (SGLUT 1/2). From the epithelial cells, glucose get pumped into interstitial space via facilitated diffusion. From the interstitial space, glucose get pumped into portal venous circulation by active transport using Secondary Active Transport via NaCl-/K+ exchange ATPase pump. Glucose moves alongside sodium as it is pumped into the cell.

For more join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp 0977353901.

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